Abstract
A very significant number of marine accidents occur because of human errors. This study aimed to prevent ship collisions by identifying types of navigators’ errors. Based on Reason’s classification theory, the possible human errors are classified into skill-based slips (SBSs) (errors caused by the lack of skills), rule-based mistakes (RBMs) (errors caused by the misapplication of rules), and knowledge-based mistakes (KBMs) (errors caused by the lack of navigator’s knowledge). For this study, a scenario-based experiment using a ship-handling simulator was conducted with 50 recruited student navigators. The results revealed two primary human errors of accidents, namely lack of knowledge and misapplication of rules. The results suggest that a collision can be minimized when a navigator has sufficient knowledge of an appropriate course of action and a deep understanding of safety rules. Accidents cannot be prevented by identifying errors, but steps can be taken to narrow the knowledge gap. Based on the results, we proposed a simulation training on navigator error in an unfamiliar situation. The results are expected to reduce errors in the maritime sector using a human-centric work system.
Highlights
The magnitude of marine accidents is considerable; their possible causes must be assessed [1]
The participants executed the ship collision scenario via a ship-handling simulator and their errors were assessed via checklists, the ship collision scenario via a ship-handling simulator and their errors were assessed via which comprised items to evaluate navigator errors according to the human error classification
Results were derived via the checklist for 150 cases, wherein 50 participants were evaluated based on three collision scenarios using a ship-handling simulator
Summary
The magnitude of marine accidents is considerable; their possible causes must be assessed [1]. Human errors must be considered the greatest risk [2] because they are related to a majority of marine accidents (75%–96%) [3]. Several researchers have investigated methods to reduce human errors, which requires a clear understanding of human behavior [4]. The US Navy’s aircraft carriers, nuclear power plants, and organizations such as air traffic control centers have experienced difficulties in reducing human errors [5]. Behavior based on skills, rules, and knowledge to reduce human errors in nuclear power plants [6]. The navigator’s error causing a ship collision occurs during bridgework [7]
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