Abstract
Ectoparasites present a global challenge to animal health, affecting a wide range of species. These parasites can infect both animals and humans, leading to significant health issues. The impact of ectoparasites extends beyond health, as they can also reduce the productivity of livestock. Moreover, many ectoparasite species act as vectors for bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens, thereby posing significant risks to human and animal health. Historically, agents such as organochlorides, organophosphates, carbamates, insect growth regulators, neonicotinoids, spinosad, fipronil, avermectins, isoxazolines, and synthetic pyrethroids have been extensively used to treat and prevent ectoparasitic infestations. However, the extensive use of these chemicals has resulted in the development of resistance among many target species, potentially reducing the effectiveness of these treatments. This article aims to survey the current status of resistance in ectoparasites to active pharmaceutical ingredients used in veterinary medicine. It also seeks to update the understanding of resistance mechanisms and explore measures that can be implemented to prevent the development of resistance.
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