Abstract
This comprehensive review explored the evolving landscape of biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI), emphasizing their critical role in early detection, monitoring, and prognostication. The examination included functional biomarkers (serum cystatin C, NGAL, KIM-1), tubular injury biomarkers (NAG, L-FABP, and IL-18), inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6), and oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD, and catalase). These biomarkers offer nuanced insights into specific facets of renal injury, aiding in differentiating prerenal and intrinsic renal injury and providing a more holistic understanding of AKI pathophysiology. The implications for clinical practice are profound, with biomarkers presenting valuable tools for personalized patient management, early intervention, and improved outcomes. Future research directions should focus on identifying emerging biomarkers, technological advancements, refining integration strategies, and addressing standardization and cost-effectiveness for seamless integration into routine clinical practice. This comprehensive approach positions AKI biomarkers as pivotal in advancing diagnostic precision and intervention strategies in the dynamic landscape of acute kidney injury.
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