Navigating Social Media in #Ophthalmology

Abstract

Social media has become a mainstay in today’s society as an easy and rapidly accessible means to exchange information. There were 2.46 billion active social media users worldwide as of 2017.1Social media statistics & facts. Statista.https://www.statista.com/topics/1164/social-networks/Date accessed: December 18, 2018Google Scholar Within medicine, use of social media has been growing significantly given its potential reach to a broad and diverse global audience. Social media has become an avenue to increase one’s online presence, meet and engage with colleagues, increase an institution’s or journal’s exposure, stay informed with current events, and disseminate research advances, policy, and fundraising initiatives. When assessing social media use within other medical subspecialties, particularly specialties that rely heavily on imaging, such as dermatology, radiology, pathology, and plastic surgery, there are many studies that evaluate patient preferences, communication, and how to build one’s clinical practice.2Gould D.J. Grant Stevens W. Nazarian S. A primer on social media for plastic surgeons: what do I need to know about social media and how can it help my practice?.Aesthet Surg J. 2017; 37: 614-619Crossref PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar, 3DeBord L.C. Patel V. Braun T.L. Dao H. Social media in dermatology: clinical relevance, academic value, and trends across platforms.J Dermatolog Treat. 2018; : 1-30Crossref Scopus (41) Google Scholar Within ophthalmology, social media use continues to expand, and our aim for this editorial is to describe how social media platforms may be best used. As of October 2018, there were 2.2 billion monthly active users on Facebook, 1 billion on Instagram, and 335 million on Twitter.1Social media statistics & facts. Statista.https://www.statista.com/topics/1164/social-networks/Date accessed: December 18, 2018Google Scholar A study by Micieli and Tsui4Micieli J.A. Tsui E. Ophthalmology on social networking sites: an observational study of Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.Clin Ophthalmol. 2015; 9: 285-290PubMed Google Scholar reported on the presence of ophthalmology on various social networking platforms. At the time of the study in October 2014, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) Twitter account (https://twitter.com/aao_ophth) had 11 800 followers, and as of February 2019, AAO’s Twitter account has 23 500 followers. Because imaging plays a key role in ophthalmology, image-sharing platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, are becoming more widely used. Indeed, by February 2019, AAO’s Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/aaoeye) account has amassed more than 4700 followers in just over 5 months. On social media platforms, discussions can be initiated via comments or by tagging other accounts and using relevant hashtags (#). Hashtagging serves as a method of indexing posts and permits easy searching of keywords. For example, if a user searches for #ophthalmology, the user will see a filtered list of posts using that hashtag. To further increase visibility of posts, across Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, users can “tag” other accounts to identify individuals or organizations within a post or image. Within these platforms, mechanisms exist to share posts of interest made by other accounts. On Twitter, one can “re-tweet” a post made by another account, which will share that post to their respective followers. Similarly on Facebook, a “Share” button accompanies each post, which allows your network to see the shared post. Instagram also has a “Stories” function, which permits 24-hour temporary posts that can also be re-shared by users tagged in the post. A professional social media account is often what a patient may come across first when searching online for a healthcare provider. Posts, images, and videos attached to one’s account may serve as the first impression and influence a patient seeking care with that provider. A professional account should use your real name, photograph, and institutional affiliations. When engaging in discussion or commenting on other posts, the same level of honesty and courtesy should be extended to the online environment as would be expected in the clinical setting. One should consider separation of personal and professional social media accounts to aid in maintaining personal boundaries. In general, friend or follow requests from patients should not be accepted on personal social media accounts. Direct patient contact is not encouraged and should be referred to the traditional communication methods instead. Social media has redefined communication between patients and physicians. The online presence of ophthalmologists and clinical practices can serve as an avenue for patients to connect to their healthcare provider and simultaneously facilitate growth of the practice.5Clarke C. Smith E. Khan M. Al-Mohtaseb Z. Social media and ophthalmology: perspectives of patients and ophthalmologists.J Med Syst. 2018; 42: 258Crossref Scopus (12) Google Scholar The Pew Research Center Surveys in 2018 demonstrated that approximately 88% of those aged 18 to 29 years use some form of social media. However, this decreases with age, with 78% aged 30 to 49 years, 64% aged 50 to 64 years, and 37% aged ≥65 years.6Social media use in 2018. Pew Research Center.http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/Date accessed: December 19, 2018Google Scholar As the younger population ages, these proportions may continue to shift; however, physicians should know that many patients may still prefer traditional methods of obtaining medical information and communicating with their physician, such as in-person visits or telephone calls. Reviews of practices on social media may be helpful in obtaining feedback about patient care and visits.7Huppertz J.W. Otto P. Predicting HCAHPS scores from hospitals’ social media pages: a sentiment analysis.Health Care Manage Rev. 2018; 43: 359-367PubMed Google Scholar This could be applied to further improve the patient experience and optimize the flow and efficiency of ophthalmic practices. There are major opportunities for incorporating social media into patient education because an increasing proportion of patients actively use the Internet to learn more about their conditions. However, information online may be incorrect or interpreted incorrectly by patients.8Chou W.S. Oh A. Klein W.M.P. Addressing health-related misinformation on social media.JAMA. 2018; 320: 2417-2418Crossref PubMed Scopus (379) Google Scholar Moreover, dissemination of eye health information may be coupled to sponsored content in ways that may be obvious or subtle. For instance, companies that sell medically related products, such as scrub wear, laboratory/white coats, skin creams, and other retail products, may offer compensation or “swag” to so-called medical influencers (medical students, physicians, institutions, and brands that command large followings on social media). In exchange, the medical influencer will devote a post to prominently display the sponsored item (or tag it) and often an eponymous discount code to purchase it, while simultaneously discussing a topic related to eye health.9SLATE, ed. The latest crop of Instagram influencers? Medical students.https://slate.com/technology/2018/11/medical-students-instagram-influencers-ethics-debate.htmlDate accessed: February 3, 2019Google Scholar This often occurs on image/video-heavy social media services, such as Instagram and YouTube. However, it is not necessarily clear to the patient/consumer whether the content is sponsored or not, because the paid content is often not marked as an advertisement. In response to concerns about transparency, the Federal Trade Commission recently provided guidance, stating that when there is “a connection that might affect the weight or credibility that consumers give the endorsement – that connection should be clearly and conspicuously disclosed.”10FTC staff reminds influencers and brands to clearly disclose relationship. Federal Trade Commission.https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2017/04/ftc-staff-reminds-influencers-brands-clearly-discloseDate accessed: February 5, 2019Google Scholar We recommend that physicians clearly separate dissemination of eye health information from commercially sponsored content. If paid content must be included, it should be divulged as an advertisement within the first few lines of the post. As ophthalmologists, we are uniquely positioned to disseminate accurate eye health information, free from commercial bias, via social media. Official social media accounts of organizations such as AAO’s EyeSmart public information program (http://twitter.com/academyeyesmart) can raise awareness of eye diseases and provide the general public with information on basic eye health and public service announcements. Individual professional accounts may re-tweet or share posts from professional organizations. Miceli and Tsui4Micieli J.A. Tsui E. Ophthalmology on social networking sites: an observational study of Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.Clin Ophthalmol. 2015; 9: 285-290PubMed Google Scholar found that patient advocacy groups on Facebook lead the way in social networking, likely because they appeal to the general public. Facebook support groups may also serve as a way for patients to discuss common ailments with one another, create supportive networks, and ask questions. Facebook also offers physicians an opportunity to network and communicate professionally in a private, online setting because “closed” or “secret” moderated groups can easily be created and a moderator must approve or invite members before joining. Physicians may query the group on research, de-identified cases, or for general networking. YouTube is another social media platform that can serve as a potential patient education avenue. However, many videos on YouTube may be misleading or even incorrect because videos are not screened for scientific accuracy. A study by Bae and Baxter11Bae S.S. Baxter S. YouTube videos in the English language as a patient education resource for cataract surgery.Int Ophthalmol. 2018; 38: 1941-1945Crossref Scopus (36) Google Scholar evaluated the quality of cataract patient education videos on YouTube and found that the majority of videos were not adequately educational. Furthermore, they found that more than 20% of the videos were promoting a practice or product. They also report that videos from medical organizations were more useful than videos from other sources, even from individual medical professionals. This emphasizes the need to have official, curated videos by recognized organizations free of commercial bias.11Bae S.S. Baxter S. YouTube videos in the English language as a patient education resource for cataract surgery.Int Ophthalmol. 2018; 38: 1941-1945Crossref Scopus (36) Google Scholar, 12Şahin A. Şahin M. Türkcü F.M. YouTube as a source of information in retinopathy of prematurity.Ir J Med Sci. 2019; 188: 613-617Crossref Scopus (31) Google Scholar Videos pertaining to retinopathy of prematurity and retinitis pigmentosa have also been demonstrated to have a high incidence of misleading information,12Şahin A. Şahin M. Türkcü F.M. YouTube as a source of information in retinopathy of prematurity.Ir J Med Sci. 2019; 188: 613-617Crossref Scopus (31) Google Scholar, 13Guthrie G. Davies R.M. Fleming C.K. Browning A.C. YouTube as a source of information about retinitis pigmentosa.Eye (Lond). 2014; 28: 499-500Crossref Scopus (17) Google Scholar It is important for physicians to note the inaccuracies that may be portrayed on social media and be prepared to address these potential misconceptions with patients. Dissemination of research findings from ophthalmology journals via social media has become a convenient, real-time method of sharing research with a broad audience. The journal Ophthalmology (https://twitter.com/AAOjournal) provides tweets with articles in press. Tagging relevant parties and using relevant hashtags to increase visibility of their posts further increase engagement. The AAO has taken the lead in applying social media by providing official meeting hashtags to enable quick filtering of relevant posts. After the annual AAO meeting, Christiansen et al14Christiansen S.M. Oetting T.A. Herz N.L. et al.Twitter at the 2014 and 2015 Annual Meetings of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.Ophthalmology. 2016; 123: 1835-1837Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (8) Google Scholar evaluated Twitter activity in 2014 and 2015. Meeting hashtags, #AAO2014 and #AAO2015, were queried to gauge the quantity, content, and impressions of tweets during these meetings. They found that 60% of tweeting ophthalmologists at the annual meetings were currently in residency or fellowship or less than 10 years in practice, suggesting that social media will continue to be used by younger ophthalmologists through their careers.14Christiansen S.M. Oetting T.A. Herz N.L. et al.Twitter at the 2014 and 2015 Annual Meetings of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.Ophthalmology. 2016; 123: 1835-1837Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (8) Google Scholar Use of conference-specific hashtags can allow attendees to have topic-specific discussions, interact with speakers, and share conference updates on a real-time global scale. This also permits individuals who are not present at the sessions to participate as well. The use of Twitter can facilitate online journal clubs, which serve to connect scientists and clinicians in discussions on a global scale.15Wray C.M. Auerbach A.D. Arora V.M. The adoption of an online journal club to improve research dissemination and social media engagement among hospitalists.J Hosp Med. 2018; 13: 764-769Crossref Scopus (23) Google Scholar Furthermore, there is an ongoing demand among ophthalmologists to learn more about the use of social media, demonstrated by the increasing number of social media-related sessions at the annual AAO meetings. A search of all annual meeting sessions for “social media” resulted in 3 hits in 2011, and 14 hits in 2018.16Program search and meeting archive. American Academy of Ophthalmology.https://secure.aao.org/aao/meeting-archiveDate accessed: December 18, 2018Google Scholar Examples of sessions in the 2018 meeting titled “Social Media for the Serious Ophthalmology Practice” and “Social Media Exploits and How to Protect Yourself” demonstrate the breadth of topics that can be explored within social media.16Program search and meeting archive. American Academy of Ophthalmology.https://secure.aao.org/aao/meeting-archiveDate accessed: December 18, 2018Google Scholar The use of social media by academic ophthalmology departments is still developing. A recent study performed by Melendez et al17Melendez R. Angadi P. Sledz E. et al.Academic ophthalmology departments and their use of Facebook, Instagram and Twitter Social Media Pages.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59 (ARVO E-Abstract 6172)Google Scholar of 118 ophthalmology departments in the United States found that 34% were present on Facebook, 23% on Twitter, and 4% on Instagram.17Melendez R. Angadi P. Sledz E. et al.Academic ophthalmology departments and their use of Facebook, Instagram and Twitter Social Media Pages.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59 (ARVO E-Abstract 6172)Google Scholar In a similar study by Clarke et al,5Clarke C. Smith E. Khan M. Al-Mohtaseb Z. Social media and ophthalmology: perspectives of patients and ophthalmologists.J Med Syst. 2018; 42: 258Crossref Scopus (12) Google Scholar as of March 2017 just more than half of the top 30 academic eye centers on Doximity had active Twitter accounts and only 2 of these programs were on Instagram. By engaging in social media, departments can promote their research and share their faculty and trainees’ accomplishments. The nature of the patient–physician relationship has been challenged with the increasing ease of online communication and social media. Given the visual nature of our field, striking clinical images are often obtained. Social media has enabled physicians to share interesting de-identified cases with their colleagues and the general public. However, even with patient consent, physicians should still exercise caution when sharing information online. Thus, although the use of social media can bring educational and health benefits to patients, ethical challenges are important to consider and respect for confidentiality and privacy should be adhered to in the online setting as well.18Farnan J.M. Snyder Sulmasy L. Worster B.K. et al.Online medical professionalism: patient and public relationships: policy statement from the American College of Physicians and the Federation of State Medical Boards.Ann Intern Med. 2013; 158: 620-627Crossref PubMed Scopus (255) Google Scholar The AAO has an Advisory Opinion as a guide for appropriate use of social media.19Advisory Opinion - social media and professionalism. American Academy of Ophthalmology.https://www.aao.org/ethics-detail/advisory-opinion-social-media-professionalismDate accessed: December 29, 2018Google Scholar The American Medical Association has developed formal professionalism guidelines for responsible use of social media by physicians.20Professionalism in the use of social media. American Medical Association.https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/professionalism-use-social-mediaDate accessed: December 18, 2018Google Scholar Additionally, the American College of Physicians and the Federation of State Medical Boards have also issued policy statements regarding physician and the use of social media.18Farnan J.M. Snyder Sulmasy L. Worster B.K. et al.Online medical professionalism: patient and public relationships: policy statement from the American College of Physicians and the Federation of State Medical Boards.Ann Intern Med. 2013; 158: 620-627Crossref PubMed Scopus (255) Google Scholar The Healthcare Insurance Portability and Accountability Act safeguards personal health information, and these laws should be adhered to. Each institution often has their own online privacy policies, and some institutions may have a designated chief social media medical officer who can provide guidance about responsible use of social media. Social media can provide researchers with the ability to gauge search and interaction patterns. The wealth of readily available public “big data” from social media is emerging as a possible surveillance tool. A recent study by Deiner et al21Deiner M.S. McLeod S.D. Chodosh J. et al.Clinical age-specific seasonal conjunctivitis patterns and their online detection in Twitter, blog, forum, and comment social media posts.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59: 910-920Crossref Scopus (15) Google Scholar evaluated Twitter posts and blog and forum comments to detect patterns in conjunctivitis. The authors suggested this could potentially be used in epidemiologic monitoring, particularly in nonreportable conditions. Sentiment analysis, by determining if a social media post is positive, negative, or neutral, can provide real-world insight into attitudes of diseases or treatments.22Deiner M.S. Fathy C. Kim J. et al.Facebook and Twitter vaccine sentiment in response to measles outbreaks.Health Informatics J. 2017; (1460458217740723)Crossref Scopus (43) Google Scholar Pertaining to other aspects of public health, social media can be used to rapidly disseminate information or public service announcements. Social media offers a new avenue for ophthalmologists to engage with audiences in an unprecedented manner, allowing for communication on a larger and more rapid scale than traditional print methods. Much like other content on the Internet, social media content is not regulated, so both patients and physicians must be careful when interpreting information, especially when it is mixed with sponsored content. As the reach and influence of social media continue to grow, implementing this into a department, research group, or clinical practice may serve to improve patient care and increase research visibility.