Abstract
Hydro-meteorological hazards (HMHs) have had a strong impact on human societies and ecosystems. Their impact is projected to be exacerbated by future climate scenarios. HMHs cataloguing is an effective tool to evaluate their associated risks and plan appropriate remediation strategies. However, factors linked to HMHs origin and triggers remain uncertain, which pose a challenge for their cataloguing. Focusing on key HMHs (floods, storm surges, landslides, droughts, and heatwaves), the goal of this review paper is to analyse and present a classification scheme, key features, and elements for designing nature-based solutions (NBS) and mitigating the adverse impacts of HMHs in Europe. For this purpose, we systematically examined the literature on NBS classification and assessed the gaps that hinder the widespread uptake of NBS. Furthermore, we critically evaluated the existing literature to give a better understanding of the HMHs drivers and their interrelationship (causing multi-hazards). Further conceptualisation of classification scheme and categories of NBS shows that relatively few studies have been carried out on utilising the broader concepts of NBS in tackling HMHs and that the classification and effectiveness of each NBS are dependent on the location, architecture, typology, green species and environmental conditions, as well as interrelated non-linear systems. NBS are often more cost-effective than hard engineering approaches used within the existing systems, especially when taking into consideration their potential co-benefits. We also evaluated the sources of available data for HMHs and NBS, highlighted gaps in data, and presented strategies to overcome the current shortcomings for the development of the NBS for HMHs. We highlighted specific gaps and barriers that need to be filled since the uptake and upscaling studies of NBS in HMHs reduction is rare. The fundamental concepts and the key technical features of past studies reviewed here could help practitioners to design and implement NBS in a real-world situation.
Highlights
Natural hazards have high impacts on human life, infrastructure and habitats (Paul et al., 2018)
As results of literatures in Hydro-meteorological hazards (HMHs)/HMRs assessment; and quantification are vast and growing extensively we only considered articles written in the English and published from 2000 onwards in peerreviewed journals or in the form of credible reports
We systematically explored more than 288 case studies that used the nature-based solutions (NBS) as the main solutions in tackling HMRs over the world
Summary
Natural hazards have high impacts on human life, infrastructure and habitats (Paul et al., 2018). Global warming can cause an upward or downward trend in the amount and frequency of hydro-meteorological extreme events as consequences of variations within the natural processes (i.e., atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere) that generate HMHs. Table 2 shows an overview of detected and climate model projected changes in HMRs over Europe. Future studies should attempt to extend the analysis of the NBS potential to other continents such as Asia and North America, and consider the evaluation of additional HMHs such as sandstorm and wildfires
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