Abstract
Climate change and flood risk in urban areas has attracted growing attention to discussions over urban resilience and water quality improvement at urban drainage. Nature-based Solutions (NBS) as green infrastructures to urban drainage, when incorporated in urban planning, has proven to be an effective mitigation strategy both in terms of quantity and quality of runoff. The Real-time Control (RTC) applied in urban water can complement to both flood mitigation and improvement of water quality through the control of the elements of the drainage and sewage system to search for the optimal configurations. Although, it is required to have a quantitative and qualitative Real-time Monitoring (RTM) system and the application of actuators technology and intensive use of software to be able to use the RTC. This study assessed the improvement opportunities in NBS performances with RTC and the remaining challenges to integrating both methods. The requirements of RTC application were analyzed according to technologies already applied at the NBS systems. Additionally, our investigations showed that the devices related to NBS can benefit from RTC. However, the most significant potential gains with the application of RTC are the techniques that can operate as storages such as bioretention, green roofs and bioswales. Despite the potential increase in costs for the construction of NBS, the benefits of applying the RTC can assist both resilience to floods and water quality.
Highlights
Urban development and the impervious surfaces growth increase the volume of stormwater runoff, the associated peak flow, pollutant loads and concentrations, in addition to reduce the runoff concentration time [1]
The green roofs can function as water storage tanks which are applied in several cases with Real-time Control (RTC) at urban drainage [15,36], with the pre-treatment benefits of green roof media and vegetation
Three techniques commonly applied in urban drainage with different spatial scales were selected: green roof, bioretention and detention basin
Summary
Urban development and the impervious surfaces growth increase the volume of stormwater runoff, the associated peak flow, pollutant loads and concentrations, in addition to reduce the runoff concentration time [1]. Dispite the most varied designs, these systems are projected to function passively, i.e they are not adapted for internal storage (formation of a saturated layer) or free drainage to optimize aerobic, anaerobic and/or hydraulic process at the layers [13] In this way, the application of techniques such as Real-time Control (RTC) can assist in the system operation and optimization. [17] indicates that, a large part of the monitoring, data transmission and even control elements necessary for the operation of the RTC are already available in the urban drainage system, the type and scope of the elements necessary for the application of the RTC occurs in function of the complexity of the system Another determining factor for the use of RTC is the control strategy, since it can be decentralized or centralized, and, when opting for more sophisticated systems that rely on automatic sensors, acquisition, data processing and control of the actuators, the practical implementation can be expensive [18]. It was indicated where the RTC can act to enhance the existing benefits or even bring new uses to the device
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