Abstract
Simple SummaryNonhuman primates (NHP) can become ill due to a variety of diseases and disorders, yet endocrine disorders remain underreported. Therefore, an exhaustive literature search on this subject via widely used academic search systems, peer-reviewed publications, proceedings, and newsletters was performed. Selected major endocrine entities will be described emphasizing clinical signs, morphologic features, concomitant diseases, as well as available treatment options. In most cases, no clinical signs were noted and on gross pathology, the endocrine organs were unremarkable. The diagnosis was frequently made as incidental findings after standard histological examination. Although the findings were frequently incidental many have the potential to impact studies. This review explains that there is no standard procedure for diagnosing, monitoring, or treating endocrine disorders in NHP. More research is needed to evaluate these procedures and establish risk factors.Literature concerning veterinary medicine of non-human primates is continuously updated, yet endocrine disorders remain underreported. While case or survey reports of individual endocrinopathies are available, a comprehensive review is not. An exhaustive literature search on this subject via widely used academic search systems, (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed, BioOne complete and Web of Science), and peer-reviewed publications, proceedings, and newsletters was performed. Selected major endocrine entities will be described with emphasis on clinical signs, morphologic appearances, concomitant diseases, as well as available treatment options. Mostly, no clinical signs were noted and on gross pathology, the endocrine organs were unremarkable. An endocrine-related diagnosis was frequently made as an incidental finding after standard histopathological examination. During the review, the pancreas represented the most affected endocrine organ and diabetes mellitus represented the most clinically significant disorder. Currently, no standard procedure for diagnosing, monitoring, or treating endocrine disorders in non-human primates exists.
Highlights
We evaluated the search results for those reports that we considered as clinically relevant and divided them into the endocrine organs (Table 1)
This thorough review of naturally occurring endocrine disorders in non-human primates (NHP) provides a concise reference for veterinarians, investigators, and others engaged in the practice of managing NHP
Endocrine failure occurs due to progressive destruction of the gland due to chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which results in pancreatogenic or type 3c diabetes mellitus (T3cDM)
Summary
An in-depth review of endocrine disorders in NHP is lacking [1]. To these ends, we first conducted a literature search for books, book chapters, peer-reviewed publications, conference proceedings, and newsletters in academic literature databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, BioOne Complete, and. Related disorders due to the creation of human research models or side effects of experimental manipulation are not discussed in this review. This thorough review of naturally occurring endocrine disorders in NHP provides a concise reference for veterinarians, investigators, and others engaged in the practice of managing NHP. The following glands of the endocrine system will be discussed: adrenal, hypothalamus, pancreas, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, reproductive organs (ovaries and testes), thymus, and thyroid (Table 1)
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