Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is the primary antioxidant enzyme involved in heme group degradation. A variety of stimuli triggers the expression of the inducible HO-1 isoform, which is modulated by its substrate and cellular stressors. A major anti-inflammatory role has been assigned to the HO-1 activity. Therefore, in recent years HO-1 induction has been employed as an approach to treating several disorders displaying some immune alterations components, such as exacerbated inflammation or self-reactivity. Many natural compounds have shown to be effective inductors of HO-1 without cytotoxic effects; among them, most are chemicals present in plants used as food, flavoring, and medicine. Here we discuss some naturally derived compounds involved in HO-1 induction, their impact in the immune response modulation, and the beneficial effect in diverse autoimmune disorders. We conclude that the use of some compounds from natural sources able to induce HO-1 is an attractive lifestyle toward promoting human health. This review opens a new outlook on the investigation of naturally derived HO-1 inducers, mainly concerning autoimmunity.
Highlights
Heme oxygenase (HO, EC 1.14.99.3) is a microsomal enzyme first described in 1968 [1] with a primary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role involved in heme group degradation yielding carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin, and free iron [2]
Special attention must be assigned to establish the correct doses of these substances to be administered [86]. This is a special issue when we evaluate compounds of natural origin, which frequently are in the form of complex mixtures, not available for absorption and in very low proportions
Heme oxygenase 1 induction has been suggested as a therapeutic approach to ameliorate self-directed immune diseases, including both autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases
Summary
Heme oxygenase (HO, EC 1.14.99.3) is a microsomal enzyme first described in 1968 [1] with a primary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role involved in heme group degradation yielding carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin, and free iron [2]. Khayandirobilide A, an anti-inflammatory compound from Khaya senegalensis, induces HO-1 expression by p38 MAPK/Nrf2 signaling in RAW 264.7 macrophages and BV-2 microglial cells [34]. It has been shown that carnosol induces HO-1 expression in DCs, reducing its production of proinflammatory cytokines and preventing the induction of T-cell responses [119].
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