Natural trajectory of recovery of COVID-19 associated olfactory loss

Abstract

ImportancePrevalence of post-viral olfactory loss has increased dramatically due to the frequency and severity of olfactory dysfunction associated with infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. ObjectiveTo determine the trajectory of COVID-19 olfactory loss over a six-month period. A key secondary objective is to assess predictive factors associated with the recovery of olfaction. DesignLongitudinal repeated-measures study that enrolled from May 5, 2020 to February 2, 2021, with the last date of data collection on June 15, 2021. SettingBarnes-Jewish HealthCare/Washington University School of Medicine facilities (Saint Louis, Missouri, USA). ParticipantsIndividuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swab and indicated olfactory loss on COVID-19 screening questionnaire. Individuals were excluded if they had previously diagnosed history of olfactory loss, neurodegenerative disorders, <18 years of age, admitted to hospital service, unable to read, write, and understand English, or lacked computer or internet access. Interventions/exposuresWatch and wait for spontaneous recovery. Main outcome(s) and measure(s)Participants completed olfactory assessments every 30 days for six months. Each assessment consisted of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), an objective “scratch-and-sniff” test, and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI), a subjective Likert rating scale. ResultsThe mean age was 41 years old (SD = 16). 39 (80 %) were female and 42 (86 %) white. At baseline assessment of objective olfaction, 18 (36 %) participants had anosmia or severe hyposmia. Subjective, complete recovery at six months was 81 % (95 % CI 74 % to 88 %). Likelihood of recovery was associated with age <50 years (aHR = 8.1 (95 % CI 1.1 to 64.1)) and mild olfactory loss at baseline (UPSIT = 30–33 for males and 31–34 for females) (aHR 6.2 (95 % CI 1.2 to 33.0)). Conclusions and relevanceThe trajectory of olfactory recovery among adults with COVID-19 olfactory loss illustrated rapid recovery within 2–3 weeks of infection, and by six months 81 % had recovered based on self-report. Age <50 years old and mild severity of olfactory loss at baseline were associated with increased likelihood of recovery of olfaction. These findings can be used to inform shared decision-making with patients.