Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone which plays a crucial role in the plant defense against various pathogens and abiotic stresses. Increasing reports suggest that this phenolic compound and its derivatives, collectively termed salicylates, not only regulate plant defense but also have beneficial effects on human health. Both natural and synthetic salicylates are known to have multiple targets in humans, thereby exhibiting various appreciating pharmacological roles, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidiabetic effects, and so on. The role of some salicylates, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine), and amorfrutins in human diseases has been well studied in vitro. However, their clinical significance in different diseases is largely unknown. Based on recent studies, five natural salicylates, including amorfrutin, ginkgolic acid, grifolic acid, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, and cannabidiolic acid, showed potential roles in different challenging human diseases. This review summarizes together some of the recent information on multitarget regulatory activities of these natural salicylates and their pharmacological roles in human health.
Highlights
Plants with a high level of salicylates have been used therapeutically throughout the world
ginkgolic acid (GA) showed an inhibitory effect on the fusion of a variety of enveloped viruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV), Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human immune deficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV), influenza A virus (IAV), and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and inhibited a nonenveloped human adenovirus
Researchers focused on acetyl salicylate and showed that it can be a good target for drug development for many human diseases
Summary
Plants with a high level of salicylates have been used therapeutically throughout the world. In 1828, the active ingredient salicin (SA derivative) of the willow tree was isolated which is known to be converted to SA upon ingestion Another natural salicylate methyl salicylate (MeSA), which is found in wintergreen, birch tree, mango, meadowsweet, guelder-rose, is used as analgesic medicine (for joint and muscular pain) and fragrance [2,3,4,5,6]. Aspirin is known to target other human proteins, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), cathepsin A (CTSA), ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2), and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) [12,13,14] Both natural and synthetic salicylates have beneficial effects for the treatments of different diseases as salicylates can target different human proteins (Table 1). C1.heCmhiecmalicsatrluscttruurcetsuorefsouorf foucur sfeodcunsaetduranlastaulriaclylsaatelisc.yDlaitsetsi.ncDt ipsthinenctylpmheonieytliems aorietcieosntarine ed in caomnotarifnreudtinins (aAm,oBrfaruntdinCs )(,AT,HBCaAndanCd), CTBHDCAA, awnhdeCreBaDs Afa,ttwyhaecriedass-bfaatsteydarceidsisd-buaessedarreecsoidnuteasinaerde in amcoornftrauintiends i(nAa, mB oarnfrduCtin),sg(iAn,gBkoalnicdaCc)i,dg,ignrgikfoolliicc aacciidd,s,gTriHfoClicAaacindds,CTBHDCAA. and CBDA
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