Natural Repellent Anthraquinone Applied on Cereal Grain Seeds and Seedlings Against Pigeons (Columba livia) in Captivity

Kan Khoomsab,Itsara Tangsuwan

doi:10.3844/ajabssp.2019.110.114

Kan Khoomsab, Itsara Tangsuwan

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2019.110.114

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Abstract

This research aims to test the effects of cassia leaf extract on the eating behavior of pigeons for application as a natural repellent. Senna siamea (Cassia) leaves were oven-dried and blended into fine pieces and processed by the simplest extraction method (maceration) with ethyl alcohol 70% solution and were then extracted with hot continuous extraction (Soxhlet extraction) with ethyl alcohol 70% solution. Cereal grain seeds were prepared and soaked in the extracts of the 2 methods in 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% concentrations for 24 h. Twenty-four pigeons were prepared with one cage per pigeon. Cereal grains were weighed to 20 grams, which was fed to the pigeons for 24 h and the beginning weight of the cereal grains and the weight of the leftovers were recorded. The food consumption was analyzed to determine the differences among the averages of each method with one-way ANOVA. The findings showed that the averages of the bird food intake based on the maceration method were not different with a statistical significance (p>0.05), while the averages of the bird food intake based on Soxhlet extraction were different with a statistical significance (p<0.05). The bird food processed by the Soxhlet extraction method had a lower average consumption than that of the maceration method.

Highlights

Various kinds of birds cause problems that damage houses, communities, buildings and agricultural products; bird droppings are especially problematic because they cause damage to houses and buildings and become a public health problem as a source of the accumulation and distribution of diseases that have effects on human health (Avery, 1992; Avery et al, 1997; 1998)
The results from the comparison of the average of food intake showed that the pigeons had no difference in the average amount of food intake based on the food that had been soaked in the extract using the maceration method, with a statistical significance (p>0.05), but the pigeons eating food that had been soaked in the cassia leaf extract with Soxhlet extraction in 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% concentrations (Table 1) had different average amounts of food intake than did the control group, with a statistical significance
The comparison of the amount of food that the pigeons ate with that of the control group and the experimental group found that pigeons in the experimental group that were fed with the food that had been soaked in the cassia leaf extract in 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% concentrations showed a lower average of food intake than that of the control group

Summary

Introduction

Various kinds of birds cause problems that damage houses, communities, buildings and agricultural products; bird droppings are especially problematic because they cause damage to houses and buildings and become a public health problem as a source of the accumulation and distribution of diseases that have effects on human health (Avery, 1992; Avery et al, 1997; 1998). Bird control employs a physical method with the use of netting to prevent birds from nesting in and dirtying buildings. Its activation will disturb the working system of a bird’s gastrointestinal tract, causing the birds to excrete many droppings. This deterrent will enable birds to learn to avoid foods that have a bad effect on their health, encouraging them not to eat agricultural products in plots any longer (Umeda and Sullivan, 2001; Kandel et al, 2009; Linz and Homan, 2012; Werner et al, 2014)

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