Abstract
The main objective of the present work was to review the current knowledge about the factors that influence the different phases of the natural regeneration of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) and propose scientifically based management schedules. The review focused on the natural regeneration of maritime pine within its most representative areas (Portugal, Spain, and France). First, a brief characterisation of the main phases of the natural regeneration of maritime pine is described. Next, information on the factors affecting the natural regeneration of the species is provided, highlighting its positive and negative effects. Finally, management proposals are presented to promote the natural regeneration of maritime pine species. Numerous factors influencing the natural regeneration of maritime pine were identified. Fires and climatic factors can intervene in all three regeneration phases (seeding, germination, and seedling survival and development). The natural regeneration failure of maritime pine species can be aggravated in drier scenarios. Forest management plays an important role as it can promote the natural regeneration of the species.
Highlights
Natural regeneration is defined in forestry as the process of renewal and establishment of a forest stand by natural means: natural seeding, sprouting, and suckering, through seed layers that may be deposited by wind, birds, or other animals [4], or through seeds from nearby stands [5]
Seeding In Portugal, Pinus pinaster flowering occurs at 7–8 years old, in spring, and pinecone maturation occurs in the second year after this stage at around
Germination is defined as a subprocess of natural regeneration that begins with seed imbibition and ends with the complete elongation of the radicle [28]
Summary
Forests covers approximately 31% of the planet’s land surface [1] and 34.8% of the area of Europe [2]. Regeneration failures of maritime pine have increased in some areas of southwestern France [5], notably on the French coast, leading to significant economic losses and consequences for the environment [22]. Natural regeneration research is fundamental for the development of appropriate silvicultural guidelines, especially in the context of climate change [43], to assure successful regeneration of forests. For this reason, the main objective of the present work was to review the current knowledge about the factors that influence the different phases of the natural regeneration of maritime pine to propose scientifically based management planning. The last section briefly describes the main conclusions of the research
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
