Natural radiation and high metal soil content are linked with higher cancer mortality rates

Abstract

Abstract Background General population is at continuous risk of exposure to both natural and anthropogenic pollutants via the oral, respiratory and dermal routes. In Greece, there are areas where the geological background is rich in both radioactivity and toxic elements, whereas anthropogenic activities, like lignite or metal mining, augment the general population exposure. The aim of the study was to compare cancer mortality rates among neighboring prefectures that share similar demographic and socio-economic characteristics, but differ in natural radioactivity and in carcinogenic metals' burden in soils. Methods Based on radiological and geochemical maps, five prefectures of North Greece with high radioactivity and metal's content in soil were chosen. Two similar prefectures with low radioactivity and metals' content served as control areas. Data about population structure and number of deaths due to neoplasms were obtained from the Hellenic Statistical Authority for a 15-year interval (1999-2015). Cancer mortality rates were calculated and compared between areas by Poisson regression. Results The total population in burdened areas was 660.091, while in the control areas was 207.117 (2011 Census). Mortality rates from burdened areas were higher than those in the control areas. Odds ratios ranged from 1.42 (95% CI: 1.35-1.49) to 1.79 (95% CI 1.71-1.88) for males and from 1.27 (95% CI: 1.19-1.35) to 1.85 (95% CI: 1.74-1.96) for females. For both sexes, the odds ratios ranged from 1.35 (95% CI: 1.30-1.41) to 1.80 (95% CI: 1.74-1.87). Conclusions Undoubtedly, our preliminary results reveal that residents in burdened areas are at higher risk for cancer death due to exposure to naturally occurring metals and radiation. Both the general population and the health authorities are unaware of these possible threats and no protective measures have been taken so far. Viable strategies to minimize or prevent these unintentional risks are of high priority in these areas. Key messages Population should be informed about the unintentional environmental exposures that pose health risks. Appropriate mitigation strategies should be implemented by the health authorities.