Abstract
The incidence of various types of cancer is increasing globally. To reduce the critical side effects of cancer chemotherapy, naturally derived compounds have been considered for cancer treatment. Gymnosperms are a group of plants found worldwide that have traditionally been used for therapeutic applications. Paclitaxel is a commercially available anticancer drug derived from gymnosperms. Other natural compounds with anticancer activities, such as pinostrobin and pinocembrin, are extracted from pine heartwood, and pycnogenol and enzogenol from pine bark. Gymnosperms have great potential for further study for the discovery of new anticancer compounds. This review aims to provide a rational understanding and the latest developments in potential anticancer compounds derived from gymnosperms.
Highlights
In the past 30 years, approximately 61% of bioactive natural compounds have been used for cancer treatment, and 49% of these have been used for infectious disease treatment [2]
Due to the anticancer potential of gymnosperms and the relatively few studies that have been conducted in this field, we provide here a comprehensive summary of natural phytochemicals derived from gymnosperms in the prevention and treatment of cancers
The role of pycnogenol in inhibiting nuclear factor-κB pathway (NFκB) activation, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression suggests that this antioxidant compound may play a role in cancer prevention and atherogenic processes [62,63]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Curcumin can promote autophagy through the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, which is related to cell death [4,5]. Another potential candidate for anticancer agents is resveratrol, a polyphenol found in peanuts, soy, and grapes. One of the most effective natural anticancer agents for the treatment of various cancers is paclitaxel (Taxol® ), which was discovered in the bark of Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia. Due to the anticancer potential of gymnosperms and the relatively few studies that have been conducted in this field, we provide here a comprehensive summary of natural phytochemicals derived from gymnosperms in the prevention and treatment of cancers
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