Abstract

Iron overload disease is a group of heterogeneous disease, which is caused either due to hereditary or acquired condition. Excess of iron participate in redox reactions that catalyzes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases oxidative stress, which causes cellular damage and encourage the cell injury and cell death. The electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar have been intensively searched for the research as well as review articles published with the full text available and with the key words such as natural iron chelating agent, synthetic iron chelating agents, iron overload disease, oxidative stress and antioxidant which were appearing in the title, abstract or keywords. In light of the literature review presented in this artial, based on meta-analyses, we suggest that iron chelating agents were used for the management of iron overload disease. These agents were having wide spectrum of activity, they were not only used for the management of iron overload disease but also used as anticancer and antioxidant in various oxidative stress mediated diseases. Last from many years Desferoxamine (DFO) was used as standard iron chelator but currently two new synthetic iron chelators such as Deferiprone (DFP) and Deferasirox (DFS) are available clinically. These clinically available synthetic iron chelators were having serious side effects and certain limitations. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids and polyphenols compounds were having iron chelating as well as antioxidant property with no or minimal side effects. Hence, this review provides an updates on natural iron chelation therapy for the safe and efficacious management of iron overload diseases.

Highlights

  • Iron is an essential element for all living organism

  • Majority of body iron is incorporated within hemoglobin (Hb) (60–70%) as circulating RBC; while about 20–30% of iron is present in the form of ferritin and hemosiderin as a spare iron in hepatocytes and reticuloendothelial (RE) macrophages

  • Chelating agents are capable of binding to toxic metal ions to form complex structures which are excreted from the body removing them from intracellular or extracellular spaces

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Summary

Introduction

Iron is an essential element for all living organism. It participates in various biochemical reactions like oxygen transport, electron transfer, energy metabolism and DNA synthesis. The divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) present at luminal membrane carries Fe2+ into the intestinal epithelial cell. This Fe2+ and iron released from the haeme is transported across the basolateral membrane by another iron transporter ferroportin (FP). After reaching to the intestinal epithelial cell, iron is either transported to plasma or oxidized to Fe3+ and complexed with apoferritin to form ferritin, the cytosolic protein in which iron is stored. The plasma iron obtained from three primary sources, firstly from constant degradation of older RBC (lifespan ~120 days), secondly from stored iron from RE cells in liver, spleen and bone marrow while thirdly from intestinal absorption. The loss of hepatic SMAD4 gene results in iron overload due to the failure of hepcidin-mediated degradation of FP [9]

Determination of serum iron
Iron overload disease
Types of iron overload disease (haemochromatosis)
Familial or hereditary haemochromatosis (primary iron overload)
Acquired haemochromatosis (secondary iron overload)
Complications of iron overload disease
Concept and chemistry of iron chelator
Siderophores
Desferoxamine (DFO)
Deferiprone (DFP)
Herbal iron chelators
Conclusion
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