Natural Immunomodulators Treat the Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV-2.

Heba S Abbas,Manal A Nabil,Rania M Abd El Galil,Omar A Reyad,Salma E S Ismail,Mona M Abd-Elhakeem,Heba A Mohamed

doi:10.34172/apb.2023.006

Abstract

Recently, the world has been dealing with a destructive global pandemic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, since 2020; there were millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. With sequencing generations of the virus, around 60% are expected to become infected during the pandemic. Unfortunately, no drug or vaccine has been approved because no real evidence from clinical trials in treatment was reached. According to current thinking, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mortality is caused by a cytokine storm syndrome in patients with hyper-inflammatory conditions, resulting in acute respiratory distress and finally death. In this review, we discuss the various types of natural immune-modulatory agents and their role in the management of SARS-CoV-2, and cytokine storm syndrome. For example, Polyphenols as natural products can block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to host cell receptor ACE2, stop viral entry into the host cell and block viral RNA replication. Also, saikosaponins (A, B2, C, and D), triterpene glycosides, which are isolated from medicinal plants exert antiviral action against HCoV-22E9, and Houttuynia cordata water extract has antiviral effects on SARS-CoV. Moreover, eucalyptus oil has promising potential for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. There is an urgent need for research to improve the function of the human immune system all over the world. As a result, actions for better understanding and improving the human immune system are critical steps toward mitigating risks and negative outcomes. These approaches will be strongly recommended for future emerging viruses and pathogens.

Highlights

The immune system consists of a collection of cells, chemicals and processes that protect various organs of the body from foreign antigens, cancer cells, and toxins
They are classified according to the basis from which they are formed into proinflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, lymphokines, chemokine and r growth factor 2
This response is supplemented by the stimulation of macrophages and liberation of cytokines like IL-1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α u and IL-6 that act on fibroblasts and endothelial cells and stimulate an increase in the vascular permeability of the cells

Summary

Introduction

The immune system consists of a collection of cells, chemicals and processes that protect various organs of the body from foreign antigens, cancer cells, and toxins. Essential oils (EOs) have long been reported to have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, u bronchodilator, and antiviral effects for a long time and SARS-CoV-2 virus activity is suggested. Te To investigate the effects of eucalyptol therapies and eucalyptus oils on the recruitment of macrophages and monocytes in response to infections and lung inflammation, many in vitro and ex vivo experiments have been performed Data from these studies suggest that eucalyptus p oil and its active part, eucalyptol, have marked immunomodulatory properties. Both therapies decreased the release of monocytes and macrophages of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but their phagocytic activities were not prevented. T In African green monkey and human lung cancer cells, chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been shown to effectively prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection by ip blocking viral genome release 73. It's safe to assume that ethanol extract of H. annuus root has a possible antimalarial drug, which may be a new target for the development of natural plant-based antimalarial agents 83

Conclusion

Findings

ICU JAK LF