Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is well acknowledged to constitute an important technology in tissue engineering, largely due to the increasing global demand for organ replacement and tissue regeneration. In 3D bioprinting, which is a step ahead of 3D biomaterial printing, the ink employed is impregnated with cells, without compromising ink printability. This allows for immediate scaffold cellularization and generation of complex structures. The use of cell-laden inks or bio-inks provides the opportunity for enhanced cell differentiation for organ fabrication and regeneration. Recognizing the importance of such bio-inks, the current study comprehensively explores the state of the art of the utilization of bio-inks based on natural polymers (biopolymers), such as cellulose, agarose, alginate, decellularized matrix, in 3D bioprinting. Discussions regarding progress in bioprinting, techniques and approaches employed in the bioprinting of natural polymers, and limitations and prospects concerning future trends in human-scale tissue and organ fabrication are also presented.
Highlights
Tissue engineering is an emerging discipline, aimed at regeneration, repairing or building up of functional tissues or organs similar to human organs [1]
Recognizing the importance of such bio-inks, the current study comprehensively explores the state of the art of the utilization of bio-inks based on natural polymers, such as cellulose, agarose, alginate, decellularized matrix, in 3D bioprinting
Given the dependence of constructs’ cell differentiation, proliferation and mechanical characteristics on the bio-ink properties, it is anticipated that research into the utilization of biopolymers as natural polymers and polysaccharide-based polymers in the development of bio-ink formulations will increase
Summary
Tissue engineering is an emerging discipline, aimed at regeneration, repairing or building up of functional tissues or organs similar to human organs [1]. The use of bio-ink containing other biomaterials may provide additional mechanical support for the bioprinted cells, helping them to organize, migrate and differentiate autonomously to form functional tissues [7]. It is, possible to manufacture physiologically complex human heterogeneous tissues in a personalized manner. A consideration of these previous studies shows that most research in this area tends to focus on only natural-based hydrogels (i.e., either polysaccharide or protein based) In this regard, the present review discusses recent progress in the design and development of hydrogel-based, natural bio-inks for 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in a comprehensive manner. Tarheetdheanta translated to enable the estimation of the material amount needed to be extruded, which depends on the desired layer height and width in accordance with bio-ink shape (e.g., droplets or filaments) [39]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
