Natural fibers reinforced FDM 3D printing filaments

Abstract

3D printing is one of the revolutionary techniques in the field of manufacturing. Among the different 3D printing processes FDM is one the most economical and popular method. Commonly used filament material used for printing is PLA. An advantage of PLA is that it is biodegradable. However, PLA in pure form is brittle and has low toughness and flexibility. To overcome the drawbacks, composites of PLA are used. In this review paper we have explored different natural fibres that can be used to make composites with PLA. Hence the study also aims at providing effective waste management using 3D printing. The substances included are mainly agricultural by products, substances that can be extracted from leaves, barks etc. They are not only bio-degradable, they are also economical. Reinforcements discussed include SCGs-PLA (Spent coffee grounds PLA) filaments, rice bran and PLA composites, cellulose-PLA filament etc. Crystallinity refers to degree of structural order in a solid and is an important parameter for producing filaments. Hence the different fiber reinforced composites have been studied as to compare the improvement in crystallinity. The method of preparation and the properties of the composites have been studied. Screw extrusion method is used to produce the filaments. Different mechanical properties like Young’s modulus, stiffness, elasticity, distortion by water absorption, strain etc. have been measured. The cross sections of the filaments are studied under scanning electron microscope. In this review we have discussed the method of preparation of different types of natural fibres and producing the composite filaments of these fibres with PLA matrix. We have also discussed the improvements in mechanical properties that are brought by the fibres to PLA. When choosing a filament for an application, one needs to consider factors like required strength, stiffness in the printed product and the cost of printing. Hence this review serves as a guide to choose the best natural fiber reinforced filament that serves the required purpose.