Abstract
Ten species of primary parasitoids but few predators were found to attack the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabricius), in Wisconsin. An ectoparasitoid, Sympiesis marylandensis Girault, and an endoparasitoid, Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) were the most frequently collected parasitoids of tissue-feeding larvae. Scambus decorus Walley, a new parasitoid record for P. blancardella , oviposited on third-generation larvae, producing mostly male offspring. S. decorus adults were also observed feeding on leafminer larvae. S. decorus, P. ornigis , and Pnigalio maculipes (Crawford) are new species records for Wisconsin. Mortality of tissue feeding leafminer larvae is caused primarily by ovipositing parasitoids. It is suggested that host feeding and stinging of hosts without oviposition account for much of the remaining tissue feeder mortality. Parasitism of tissue feeders was highest in unsprayed orchards, lower in sprayed orchards and very low in orchards sprayed specifically for P. blancardella . Mortality caused by P. ornigis was highest during the first and third host generations, whereas eulophid-induced mortality of tissue feeders was greatest during the second host generation. Lower apparent parasitism by P. ornigis in unsprayed orchards may be the result of multiparasitism.
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