Abstract
The phenomenon of artificial radioactivity has been observed for the natural environment since the first nuclear tests in 1940s and continues at present. The disposal and dumping of both solid and liquid nuclear waste were typical for the Arctic and the northern seas. Radiological hazard sites can be observed in the coastal area, which are concentrated in Kola and Motovsky bays; the city of Murmansk, as well as towns: Severomorsk, Polyarny, and Gadzhievo; and the following inlets: Saida, Olenya, Pala, Zapadnaya Litsa, Ura, and Ara. Gaseous, liquid, and solid nuclear wastes are formed there. The European radiochemical factories are the most significant producers of nuclear waste in the Arctic Ocean. The Sellafield factory (Great Britain) is the biggest one amongst them, which produced a summarized waste of 160 · 10 15 Bq. About 30% of 90 Sr and from 10 to 20% of 137 Cs produced in Sellafield is dumped in the Barents Sea. The western European plume crosses the shelf area of the Barents Sea and reaches the center of the Arctic Ocean within six years [1‐3]. The Chernobyl plume provided from 10 to 20% of the nuclear pollution in the Kara and Barents seas in the 1990s.
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