Abstract
Oral health is an essential element in maintaining general well-being. By preserving the complex equilibrium within the oral microbial community, commensal microorganisms can protect against extrinsic pathogenic threats. However, when an imbalance occurs, the organism is susceptible to a broad range of infections. Synthetic drugs can be administered to help the body fight against the fungal, bacterial, or viral burden. Nonetheless, they may produce undesirable consequences such as toxicity, adverse effects, and drug resistance. In this respect, research has focused on finding safer and more efficient alternatives. Particularly, increasing attention has been drawn towards developing novel formulations based on natural compounds. This paper reviews the plant-based, algae-based, and beehive products investigated for their antimicrobial properties, aiming to thoroughly present the state of the art on oral infection prevention in the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) field.
Highlights
The oral microbiome is an essential component of the human microbial community, playing a vital role in protecting against the colonization of extrinsic microbes, which can affect overall health
This review comprehensively presents the oral microbiome composition, its potential imbalances, and conventional treatments for the most frequent oral infections
Its ethanol extract has been shown to be effective against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans, becoming an interesting alternative for preventing and managing oral infections [124]
Summary
The oral microbiome is an essential component of the human microbial community, playing a vital role in protecting against the colonization of extrinsic microbes, which can affect overall health. Some genera, such as Streptococcus, comprise microorganisms from phyla like Saccharibacteria, SR1, GracilibacteGemella, Granulicatella, Veillonella, and Fusobacterium, inhabit almost all oral sub-niches, ria, Chlamydia, Chloroflexi, Tenericutes, and Chlorobi [2] Some genera, such as Streptococcus, whereas other genera, such as Prevotella, Bacteroides, Corynebacterium, Pasteurella, and Gemella, Granulicatella, Veillonella, and inhabit almost all oral sub-niches, Neisseria, have been found in selected sitesFusobacterium,. Whereas otherbeing genera, such to asaPrevotella, Bacteroides, Corynebacterium, Pasteurella, and NeisDespite studied lesser degree as compared to bacteria, fungi are widely seria, have been found in selected sites present in the oral cavity They are usually reported as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised individuals, but fungal organisms belong to the healthy oral microbiota, Plants 2021, 10, 1847 which includes up to 101 fungal species [2]. Viruses like HSV, human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus, and mumps are responsible for lesions inside and around the mouth, salivary gland infection, gingivostomatitis, papilloma, condylomas, focal epithelial hyperplasia, and more [2,16]
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