Abstract
In the marine environment, all hard surfaces including marine macroorganims are colonized by microorganisms mainly from the surrounding environment. The microorganisms associated with marine macroorganisms offer tremendous potential for exploitation of bioactive metabolites. Biofouling is a continuous problem in marine sectors which needs huge economy for control and cleaning processes. Biotechnological way for searching natural product antifouling compounds gained momentum in recent years because of the environmental pollution associated with the use of toxic chemicals to control biofouling. While, natural product based antifoulants from marine organisms particularly sponges and corals attained significance due to their activities in field assays, collection of larger amount of organisms from the sea is not a viable one. The microorganisms associated with sponges, corals, ascidians, seaweeds and seagrasses showed strong antimicrobial and also antifouling activities. This review highlights the advances in natural product antifoulants research from microbes associated with marine organisms. Normal 0 21 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Tabla normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
Highlights
The secondary metabolites produced by many marine organisms that showed inhibitory activities against the biofouling organisms would be the ideal lead molecules for the development of natural product antifoulants that can be incorporated into paints [27,28]
Many novel bioactive metabolites with antifouling activities were reported from marine microbes in the literature [56,57,58,59,60]
The antifouling performance of the bioactive compounds isolated from the marine microbes can be tested in the laboratory against biofilm-forming bacteria, diatoms and barnacle larvae as target organisms
Summary
After the ban of TBT based antifouling paints and environmental concerns associated with other toxic biocides, there is a growing need for the effective eco-friendly antifoulants for marine applications [20,21]. The secondary metabolites produced by many marine organisms that showed inhibitory activities against the biofouling organisms would be the ideal lead molecules for the development of natural product antifoulants that can be incorporated into paints [27,28]. Sponges especially attracted the attention of the researchers due to their close relationship with wide variety of microbes and presence of large number of biologically active secondary metabolites [35]. Another important group attracted the attention of investigators is the ascidians from which good number of antifouling molecules were reported in the literature [36,37]. Many novel bioactive metabolites with antifouling activities were reported from marine microbes in the literature [56,57,58,59,60]
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