Abstract
This review evaluates and summarizes results of short term or long term projects monitoring published papers concerning water quality in Erbil governorate. Number of studies was conducted on monitoring the physical, chemical and biological quality of natural and drinking water in Erbil. The quality of water samples were generally fluctuated from safe to unsafe for drinking due to the variation of the studied properties with time and sample sites. The results indicated that investigated waters were fresh well aerated with dissolved oxygen, rich in sodium, sulphate and calcium in some sites. While other sites showed an evident case of pollution. Bacteriological examinations showed that greater zab river water was not safe for drinking due to the presence of bacterial indicators. The representative data of nutrient status suggested eutrophic conditions of lake water with alkaliphilous and hard water characteristics.
Highlights
The sources of drinking water include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells
In light of the findings of this review we concluded that, the evaluation of the well waters can be assessed as good quality and are suitable for drinking with relatively high levels of nitrates and TDS indicating possible contamination of ground water via non point source of contaminants
Management and Strategies To insure the safety of drinking water supplies to the community at large including infants and the aged who are more at risk
Summary
The sources of drinking water (both tap and bottled water) include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells. Contaminants that may present in source water include viruses and bacteria, which may come from sewage treatment plant, septic system, agriculture livestock operations and wild life, inorganic contaminants such as salts and metals, organic chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides, contaminants from industrial process and petroleum use; and radioactive contaminants. The vast majority of surface water on the planet neither potable nor toxic This remains true even if sea water in the oceans (which is too salty to drink) isn’t counted. Water quality mesurements The complexity of as a subject reflected in many types of measurements of water and waste water quality indicator These measurements include (from simple and basic to more complex):[4] physical and aggregate properties color, turbidity, odor, taste, pH, total hardness(TH),oxygen demand(OD), electrical conductivity(EC), salinity, total dissolved solids(TDS), total suspended solid(TSS), and temperature. It was shown that as a result of disposal of human wastes into the sources of water, natural water becomes highly polluted with faecal coliform[15]
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