Natriuretic peptide family

Abstract

The natriuretic peptide system consists of at least three endogenous ligands: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), and three receptors, ANP-A receptor (guanylate cyclase A), ANP-B receptor (guanylate cyclase B) and clearance receptor (C receptor). ANP, the prototype of natriuretic peptides, is mainly produced in the atrium and secreted into the circulation as a cardiac hormone. ANP is also produced in the ventricle and in the central nervous system. BNP, first isolated from the porcine brain, has a marked divergence in its molecular size and sequence among species. In humans and rats, the major site of production of BNP is the ventricle of the heart. BNP is also secreted into the circulation as a cardiac hormone. The plasma BNP level in normal subjects is approximately one sixths of the plasma ANP level; however, the plasma BNP level markedly increases in heart failure, renal failure and hypertension and the augmentation of the BNP secretion is much larger than that of the ANP secretion. In addition, clearance of BNP from the circulation is slower than that of ANP. Furthermore, BNP is secreted more urgently than ANP in acute heart failure. CNP distributes mainly in the central nervous system and pituitary gland. No significant amount of CNP is detectable in the heart and plasma. Thus, CNP is a local regulator rather than a cardiac hormone. Three natriuretic receptors have ligand selectivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)