Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders’ Leading Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke: A Comparative Ethnographic Study

Abstract

IntroductionHawaii is a multicultural state with many different ethnicities, including Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI). This demographic has not been thoroughly studied, despite its significantly higher prevalence of stroke. This study aimed to characterize risk factors for ischemic stroke in NHOPI compared to other ethnicities. MethodsAn Institutional Review Board (IRB) sanctioned retrospective chart review was conducted at a multi-site community neurology clinic from June 2017 through June 2019. Prospective patients were identified from the database using the International Classification of Diseases 10th Edition (ICD-10) codes for ischemic stroke. 326 patients (99 NHOPI, 116 Asian, 111 Caucasian) with a history of ischemic stroke met the inclusion criteria. Risk factors were determined based on the American Stroke Association guidelines; ethno-racial grouping was based on self-identification; and average household income levels were estimated based on patient zip codes US Census Bureau data. Continuous variable risk factors were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc pairwise comparisons using Tukey-Kramer; a multivariate analysis was conducted. ResultsCompared to Asians and Caucasians, NHOPI patients were on average 11 years younger at the onset of stroke and more likely to be women. The NHOPI group also had the highest rates of diabetes and obesity. NHOPI average income was significantly lower compared to the Caucasian group. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia were found to be higher in the Asian population. Alcohol consumption was reported more frequently among Caucasian patients. ConclusionsThese results better-characterized risk factors for ischemic stroke among NHOPI in Hawaii. The younger age of stroke onset in NHOPI patients is likely due to the higher burden of cardiovascular risk factors like obesity, smoking, and diabetes. Identifying such disparities in associated risk for NHOPI and other ethnicities can allow targeted stroke prevention and outpatient care in a multicultural setting.