Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis is a dynamic balance involving the interaction between the host intestinal mucosa, immune barrier, intestinal microecology, nutrients, and metabolites. Once homeostasis is out of balance, it will increase the risk of intestinal diseases and is also closely associated with some systemic diseases. Probiotics (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, Akkermansia muciniphila, Clostridium butyricum, lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp.), maintaining the gut homeostasis through direct interaction with the intestine, can also exist as a specific agent to prevent, alleviate, or cure intestinal-related diseases. With genetic engineering technology advancing, probiotics can also show targeted therapeutic properties. The aims of this review are to summarize the roles of potential native and engineered probiotics in oncology, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity, discussing the therapeutic applications of these probiotics.
Highlights
The benefits of probiotics are well known, and both traditional and recently discovered probiotics have received a lot of attention
Chou et al showed that dietary Limosilactobacillus fermentum appears to modulate the intestinal microbiota and reduce inflammation, which may well be helpful in mitigating the development of colon cancer [77], and the exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria have the capability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells [78]
Plenty of plant extracts in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) showed that the reduction of colitis symptoms in mice was accompanied by a significant increase in Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactic acid bacteria, such as purple sweet potato anthocyanin extract, glycerol monolaurate, polysaccharides from tea flowers, etc. [116,117,118]
Summary
The benefits of probiotics are well known, and both traditional and recently discovered probiotics have received a lot of attention. They can be quite successful therapeutic agents. There is a large number of reviews that focus on describing single probiotics [1,2,3], their derivatives [4,5], or probiotics in terms of health/disease [6,7]. The variety of probiotic bacteria and the complex relationships between them and various diseases cannot be summarized in a single review. Comprehensive elucidation of these probiotics, both native and modified, is expected to have a significant impact on a deeper understanding of probiotics
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