Nationwide survey of childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome, Fisher syndrome, and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis in Japan

Abstract

ObjectiveGuillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), Fisher syndrome (FS), and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE) are immune-mediated neuropathies presenting with symptoms such as weakness, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and consciousness disturbances. Although the epidemiology of GBS and BBE in patients of all ages has been reported, childhood data have not been well-investigated. We aimed to determine the clinical features, therapeutics, and prognoses of childhood GBS, FS, and BBE in Japan. MethodsWe sent questionnaires to 1068 pediatric neurologists in Japan from 2014 to 2016 to determine the number of children less than 15 years old with GBS, FS, or BBE and their age and sex. We subsequently performed a secondary survey to investigate the clinical features, laboratory data, treatment, and prognosis. ResultsFive-hundred thirty-eight pediatric neurology specialists (50.4%) responded to the first survey. The total number of children with GBS, FS, and BBE in Japan from 2014 to 2016 were 87, 10, and 6, respectively. GBS was classified as acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy (35.6%), acute motor axonal neuropathy (20.7%), or acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (10.3%), with a male-to-female ratio of 1.29:1.0 and a wide distribution of onset ages. The disease severities of GBS, FS, and BBE were variable, but all children could walk within one year. ConclusionThe prognoses of childhood GBS, FS, and BBE were generally favorable, as long as the patient was promptly treated with either intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange.