Abstract
Cattle are major reservoirs of the provisionally named influenza D virus, which is potentially involved in the bovine respiratory disease complex. Here, we conducted a serological survey for the influenza D virus in Japan, using archived bovine serum samples collected during 2010–2016 from several herds of apparently healthy cattle in various regions of the country. We found sero-positive cattle across all years and in all the prefectural regions tested, with a total positivity rate of 30.5%, although the positivity rates varied among regions (13.5–50.0%). There was no significant difference in positivity rates for Holstein and Japanese Black cattle. Positivity rates tended to increase with cattle age. The herds were clearly divided into two groups: those with a high positive rate and those with a low (or no) positive rate, indicating that horizontal transmission of the virus occurs readily within a herd. These data demonstrate that bovine influenza D viruses have been in circulation for at least 5 years countrywide, emphasizing its ubiquitous distribution in the cattle population of Japan.
Highlights
The provisionally named influenza D virus was first isolated as an influenza C-like virus from pigs with respiratory illness at Oklahoma, USA, in 2011 [1, 2]
Epidemiological analyses indicated that cattle are the major reservoirs of this virus [2, 3], and that it is potentially involved in the bovine respiratory disease complex [4]
We reported that a herd of cattle in Japan encountered an infection caused by influenza D virus, as revealed by serological evidence using paired serum samples collected before and after the onset of respiratory symptoms and by detection of the virus genome in nasal swab samples from the diseased animals [8]
Summary
The provisionally named influenza D virus was first isolated as an influenza C-like virus from pigs with respiratory illness at Oklahoma, USA, in 2011 [1, 2]. Bovine Influenza D Virus Infection in Japan We reported that a herd of cattle in Japan encountered an infection caused by influenza D virus, as revealed by serological evidence using paired serum samples collected before and after the onset of respiratory symptoms and by detection of the virus genome in nasal swab samples from the diseased animals [8].
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