National versus ethnic identification in countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Abstract

This study investigated relationships between national and ethnic identities in eleven countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Ethnic versus national identification, experiences of unfair treatment of ethnic groups, and like versus dislike of out-group neighbours were investigated. Round 6 Afrobarometer surveys data from Botswana (n = 1 200), Lesotho (n = 1 200), Madagascar (n = 1 200); Malawi (n = 2 400), Mauritius (n = 1 200), Mozambique (n = 2 400), Namibia (n = 1 200), South Africa (n = 2 400), Tanzania (n = 2 400), Zambia (n = 1 200), and Zimbabwe (n = 2 400) were utilised for the analysis. Majorities of respondents in most countries, especially in those with a dominant majority group, identified equally as much with the nation and ethnic group, or more with the nation. However, ethnic identities remain relevant despite nation-building strategies, even in relatively ethno-culturally homogeneous countries. Ethnic identity salience was enhanced by unfair treatment. Findings suggest recognition and accommodation of diversity to be a prospective strategy to foster stability and peace.