Abstract
BackgroundObesity in Canadian adults is showing upward trends. Consumption of whole-grains is one recommendation for the prevention of obesity. Despite the apparent nutritional and energy content differences between whole and refined grains, knowledge relating refined grains to weight gain in Canadian adults is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the consumption of specific grain-based foods at the regional and national levels, and to evaluate the association between grain consumption with overweight or obesity in Canadian adults.MethodsWe used the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey data. The association between type of grain product consumed and Body Mass Index (BMI) in adults aged ≥19y was evaluated by logistic regression.ResultsThe mean daily intake of whole grains (86 ± 1.9 g/day) was significantly less than refined grains (276.6 ± 3.8 g/day), which was different across provinces. After adjustment for caloric needs, male consumers showed significantly lower intake of whole grains than females. Accordingly, the incidence of overweight or obesity was higher in males than in females. Also, in comparison to whole grains, the consumption of refined grains was associated with a higher risk of overweight or obesity among adults.ConclusionCanadians’ preference was refined grain products consumption, based on 2004 Health Survey, which was significantly associated with overweight/obesity. Hence, consumption of whole grains should be more effectively promoted rather than refined grain products to prevent obesity and its complications such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.
Highlights
Obesity in Canadian adults is showing upward trends
Preliminary analyses of data from the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) [7] showed that grains are a major source of energy for Canadians, contributing to 28.5% of the total energy intake of individuals with the age of over 18y [8]
Study population The 2004 CCHS [7] sampled 35,107 individuals living in private dwellings in ten provinces [22] and the manner in which these samples were obtained adequately represents the Canadian population at provincial and national levels
Summary
Obesity in Canadian adults is showing upward trends. Consumption of whole-grains is one recommendation for the prevention of obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the consumption of specific grain-based foods at the regional and national levels, and to evaluate the association between grain consumption with overweight or obesity in Canadian adults. In support of evidence linking whole-grain intake with a minimized risk of cardiovascular disease and reduced body weight, Canada’s Food Guide in 2007 recommended whole grains as at least half of the grain product daily consumption [9,10,11,12]. The aim of the present study was to examine two aspects of grain product consumption in a representative sample of Canadians from the CCHS 2004 nutrition survey: 1) the consumption of specific grain-based foods and seeds by age/sex groups at national and regional levels, and 2) the association between refined grain consumption and being overweight or obese, defined by BMI, in Canadian adults
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