Abstract
Protected Areas, as a conservation strategy, often constrain livelihood outcomes of groups that are less powerful, politically marginalized, and poor. At the same time, the poor often depend on a market economy that is volatile. Working on coffee plantations and the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are the two major livelihood options available for the Adivasi indigenous community in Kodagu, India. The article identifies the institutional factors at global, regional, or local levels that influence the livelihood capabilities of Adivasis. While the creation of a National Park negatively influenced almost all aspects of the Adivasis' livelihood, labor demand on coffee farms, and NTFP collection rights outside the Park provided them with some alternative resources. But deregulation of the Indian coffee market made them more vulnerable to the market economy. The social relations between Adivasis and nearby farming communities have helped them to cope with risks to their livelihoods during crises and emergencies.Key words: Livelihoods, Coffee, NTFP, Adivasis, LAMPS, Kodagu
Highlights
Poovamma faces another day without paid work
To understand how Adivasis' livelihood capabilities are shaped in Kodagu, field interviews and an archival study of coffee cultivation and forest policies in the region was carried out in the summer of 2004
States like India tend to believe in a modern economic system, but they are obligated to preserve the rights of indigenous people
Summary
Poovamma faces another day without paid work. Normally, at this time of year she would be working in the lower valley weeding coffee plantations, but that employment has dried up since the crash in global coffee prices. Adivasis like Poovamma in the Kodagu district in Southern India depend on forest resources and agriculture labor to sustain their livelihood These two major livelihood sources have undergone changes over the years (Ambinakudige 2006). Institutional factors that influence livelihood outcomes include policies, legislation, customary laws, the organizational structure and social norms (Ambinakudige 2006). These factors determine which livelihood strategies are open and attractive (Carney 1999). Institutional factors in this study include the existence, evolution, and de facto functioning of organizations, policies, legislation, customary laws, and social norms (Ambinakudige 2006) These factors determine what livelihood strategies are open and attractive (Carney 1999). There is a need to understand this complexity much better, to help protect human rights and to conserve natural resources
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