Narrowing the semantic gaps in U-Net with learnable skip connections: The case of medical image segmentation

Abstract

Current state-of-the-art medical image segmentation techniques predominantly employ the encoder–decoder architecture. Despite its widespread use, this U-shaped framework exhibits limitations in effectively capturing multi-scale features through simple skip connections. In this study, we made a thorough analysis to investigate the potential weaknesses of connections across various segmentation tasks, and suggest two key aspects of potential semantic gaps crucial to be considered: the semantic gap among multi-scale features in different encoding stages and the semantic gap between the encoder and the decoder. To bridge these semantic gaps, we introduce a novel segmentation framework, which incorporates a Dual Attention Transformer module for capturing channel-wise and spatial-wise relationships, and a Decoder-guided Recalibration Attention module for fusing DAT tokens and decoder features. These modules establish a principle of learnable connection that resolves the semantic gaps, leading to a high-performance segmentation model for medical images. Furthermore, it provides a new paradigm for effectively incorporating the attention mechanism into the traditional convolution-based architecture. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves consistent, significant gains and outperforms state-of-the-art methods with relatively fewer parameters. This study contributes to the advancement of medical image segmentation by offering a more effective and efficient framework for addressing the limitations of current encoder–decoder architectures. Code: https://github.com/McGregorWwww/UDTransNet.