Abstract
The rationale behind the creation of the institution of the muftiate in 1788 in Ufa was that the state wanted to better control the spiritual life of Muslims in the Russian Empire and use it as a tool for implementing domestic and foreign policy. It seemed more convenient for the government to deal with an organized structure incorporated into the system of state-controlled institutions rather than with separate, non-institutionalized representatives of Muslims who relied mainly on their authority among faithful and did not need legitimation and support from the state (either financial or legal). A certain number of Muslim religious figures also did not initially accept this institution. However, by mid-nineteenth century the Muslim community came to the understanding that it needed the institution of the muftiate through which they could represent and defend their interests relative to the state and the Synodal Church as a governmental body. Moreover, the Tatars began viewing the spiritual assembly in Ufa as a national institution guarding Tatar national identity within the context of the Orthodox state. The Tatar population of the empire thus appropriated the muftiate, giving rise to the legend that the institution had historically existed among the Tatars long before they were conquered by the Russians. The first narratives that the muftiate existed in the Kazan Khanate and was destroyed after the conquest of Kazan in 1552 probably appeared at the end of the nineteenth century. In Soviet times, this point of view was widespread in the 1920–1930s. Later it was modified and subsequent aspects of the narrative emphasized some aspects of the history of the muftiate, and concealed others. But the main thesis that the muftiate is an important institution for preserving the spiritual culture of the Tatar people remained unchanged. These changes in the interpretation of its history became in many ways a reflection of the processes that took place in the system of Soviet muftiates and, above all, in the Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims in Ufa in Soviet times. This point of view contradicted the views of a number of Soviet historians (Lyutsian I. Klimovich, Arshaluis M. Arsharuni, Hadzhi Z. Gabidullin, Galimjan G. Ibragimov and others), who considered the muftiate an exclusively colonial institution imposed on Muslims and serving as an instrument of enslavement and oppression.
Highlights
With the loss of statehood by Tatars in the middle of the sixteenth century the Islamic scholars (‘ulama’) started to play the role of religious but political leaders of the Volga-Ural region
The intentions of the imperial authorities, which sought to bring the religious life of its minority populations under control, coincided with the above-named processes
This led to the formation of the so-called ‘Muslim clergy’ as a special social group within the spiritual estate of the Russian Empire
Summary
With the loss of statehood by Tatars in the middle of the sixteenth century the Islamic scholars (‘ulama’) started to play the role of religious but political leaders of the Volga-Ural region. This role was formulated as follows: in tsarist Russia, the clergy protected the people from oppression by the authorities, and in Soviet Russia the Spiritual Administration acted as a natural ally of the Soviet government in the “political and economic liberation of the Muslim peoples of the East” (Arapov 2010: 42). Soviet officials pretty soon realized that it was important for them to rely on the loyal ministers of the Islamic religion to carry out their policies, and to keep the muftiate in Ufa inviolable, as a structure that would allow them to control the religious life of believers
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