Naringenin relieves paclitaxel-induced pain by suppressing calcitonin gene-related peptide signalling and enhances the anti-tumour action of paclitaxel.

Abstract

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) commonly causes neuropathic pain, but its pathogenesis remains unclear, and effective therapies are lacking. Naringenin, a natural dihydroflavonoid compound, has anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and anti-tumour activities. However, the effects of naringenin on chemotherapy-induced pain and chemotherapy effectiveness remain unexplored. Female and male mouse models of chemotherapy-induced pain were established using paclitaxel. Effects of naringenin were assessed on pain induced by paclitaxel or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and on CGRP expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord tissue. Additionally, we examined peripheral macrophage infiltration, glial activation, c-fos expression, DRG neuron excitability, microglial M1/M2 polarization, and phosphorylation of spinal NF-κB. Furthermore, we investigated the synergic effect and related mechanisms of naringenin and paclitaxel on cell survival of cancer cells in vitro. Systemic administration of naringenin attenuated paclitaxel-induced pain in both sexes. Naringenin reduced paclitaxel-enhanced CGRP expression in DRGs and the spinal cord, and alleviated CGRP-induced pain in naïve mice of both sexes. Naringenin mitigated macrophage infiltration and reversed paclitaxel-elevated c-fos expression and DRG neuron excitability. Naringenin decreased spinal glial activation and NF-κB phosphorylation in both sexes but influenced microglial M1/M2 polarization only in females. Co-administration of naringenin with paclitaxel enhanced paclitaxel's anti-tumour effect, impeded by an apoptosis inhibitor. Naringenin's anti-nociceptive mechanism involves CGRP signalling and neuroimmunoregulation. Furthermore, naringenin facilitates paclitaxel's anti-tumour action, possibly involving apoptosis. This study demonstrates naringenin's potential as a supplementary treatment in cancer therapy by mitigating side effects and potentiating efficacy of chemotherapy.