Abstract
Our paper presents detailed evolutionary analyses of narcissus viruses from wild and domesticated Narcissus plants in Japan. Narcissus late season yellows virus (NLSYV) and narcissus degeneration virus (NDV) are major viruses of Narcissus plants, causing serious disease outbreaks in Japan. In this study, we collected Narcissus plants showing mosaic or striped leaves along with asymptomatic plants in Japan for evolutionary analyses. Our findings show that (1) NLSYV is widely distributed, whereas the distribution of NDV is limited to the southwest parts of Japan; (2) the genomes of NLSYV isolates share nucleotide identities of around 82%, whereas those of NDV isolates are around 94%; (3) three novel recombination type patterns were found in NLSYV; (4) NLSYV comprises at least five distinct phylogenetic groups whereas NDV has two; and (5) infection with narcissus viruses often occur as co-infection with different viruses, different isolates of the same virus, and in the presence of quasispecies (mutant clouds) of the same virus in nature. Therefore, the wild and domesticated Narcissus plants in Japan are somewhat like a melting pot of potyviruses and other viruses.
Highlights
Studies of the co-infection of plant viruses in wild and domesticated plants are important for understanding plant virus epidemiology, evolution, and virus–virus interactions; these investigations will contribute to developing efficient and durable control strategies [1–5]
Many viruses that infect Narcissus plants belong to the genus Potyvirus; cyrtanthus elatus virus A (CyEVA), iris severe mosaic virus (ISMV), lily mottle virus, narcissus late season yellows virus (NLSYV), narcissus yellow stripe virus (NYSV), narcissus degeneration virus (NDV), Indian narcissus virus, and ornithogalum mosaic virus
We focused on the distribution and evolution of NLSYV and NDV in this study because the epidemiology of NYSV-like viruses has already been reported in an earlier study [28]
Summary
Studies of the co-infection of plant viruses in wild and domesticated plants are important for understanding plant virus epidemiology, evolution, and virus–virus interactions; these investigations will contribute to developing efficient and durable control strategies [1–5]. Narcissus plants are known to be infected with more than twenty different virus species [13,21–28]. Many viruses that infect Narcissus plants belong to the genus Potyvirus; cyrtanthus elatus virus A (CyEVA), iris severe mosaic virus (ISMV), lily mottle virus, narcissus late season yellows virus (NLSYV), narcissus yellow stripe virus (NYSV), narcissus degeneration virus (NDV), Indian narcissus virus, and ornithogalum mosaic virus. Other major viruses known to infect wild and domesticated Narcissus plants worldwide are narcissus latent virus (NLV, macluravirus), narcissus symptomless virus (carlavirus), narcissus common latent virus (NCLV, carlavirus), nerine latent virus (NeLV, carlavirus) [13,27–32]. Virus species and three tentative species were reported to infect Narcissus plants but some of them were distributed in the limited countries of the world [29]
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