β-Naphthothiazolium-based ratiometric fluorescent probe with ideal pKa for pH imaging in mitochondria of living cells

Abstract

The weakly alkaline microenvironment (pH ~8.0) in mitochondria plays a vital role in maintaining its morphology and function. Thus monitoring mitochondrial pH (pHmito) is of great significance. Herein, a ratiometric fluorescent probe (ENBT) for pHmito imaging in mitochondria of living cells is reported. pH variation closely correlates to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from naphthol to β-naphthothiazolium. ENBT exhibits a remarkable decrease on ratiometric fluorescence at λem1/λem2 = F595/F700 in response to pH variation within 6.30–9.29. In addition, ENBT has an ideal pKa value of 7.94 ± 0.08, which is advantageous in accurate sensing of pHmito. Moreover, ENBT has a Stokes shift of >150 nm, which effectively eliminates the potential interference from the excitation irradiation. ENBT shows excellent capability for specific staining of mitochondria with low cytotoxicity, which is most suitable for pHmito imaging in live cells. The probe was applied for monitoring pHmito variation in mitochondria of live cells caused by H2O2, NAC (N-Acetyl-l-cysteine), NH4Cl, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and lactate/pyruvate. The morphological alterations of mitochondria in living cells after treatment by CCCP were further evaluated.