Abstract
The present work describes the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) via a solution process with the aim of applying the nano-adsorbent for the reduction of methylene blue (MB) dye in alkaline media. These NPs were characterized via Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction, high-resolution Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultra violet UV-visible spectroscopy to confirm their morphology and crystalline and optical properties in order to design an adsorption-degradation process. The photocatalytic CuONPs exhibited dynamic properties, great adsorption affinity during the chemisorption process, and operated at various modes with a strong interaction between the adsorbent and the adsorptive species, and equilibrium isotherm, kinetic isotherm, and thermodynamic activities in the presence of UV light. All basic quantities, such as concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, time, and temperature, were determined by an optimization process. The best-fitted adsorption Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9988) and performance, including adsorption capacity (350.87 mg/g), photocatalytic efficiency (90.74%), and degradation rate constant (Ks = 2.23 ×10−2 min−1), illustrate good feasibility with respect to sorption-reduction reactions but followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic on the adsorbent surface, reaching an equilibrium point in 80 min. The thermodynamic analysis suggests that the adsorption reaction is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (∆H°), entropy (∆S°), and Gibbs free energy (∆G°) give effective results to support a chemical reduction reaction at 303 K temperature. The equilibrium isotherm and kinetic and thermodynamic models with error function analysis explore the potential, acceptability, accuracy, access to adsorbents, and novelty of an unrivaled-sorption system.
Highlights
The metal oxide nanomaterials have multidisciplinary applications in basic and applied sciences due to their large surface area, small size, higher surface lattice energy, high thermal reactivity, etc
The reliable adsorption data demonstrate that the nanomaterial quantity (0.1 g) allowed the reaction (CuONPs–methylene blue (MB) dye) to be possible at the desired optimized reaction parameters
The excellent feasibility is the main selection criteria of the CuONPs with the adsorptive species, activating the adsorption sites for controlled MB dye ion capture due to the maximum adsorption capacity (350.87 mg/g) and the removal efficiency in the equilibrium phase at the highest temperature (303 K)
Summary
The metal oxide nanomaterials have multidisciplinary applications in basic and applied sciences due to their large surface area, small size, higher surface lattice energy, high thermal reactivity, etc. Numerous physicochemical methods can be applied to synthesize the nanostructures of copper, such as plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD), etc The chemical methods such as solution, sol-gel, hydrothermal, combustion, and spray pyrolysis [20,21,22,23,24,25] can provide large quantities of nanostructures. Organic dyes are highly hazardous to the human body and cause a series of diseases, such as hypertension, precordial pain, mental confusion, nausea, profuse sweating, methemoglobinemia, skin staining, dizziness, headache, Alzheimer, anemia, and eye-burn problems [26,27,28,29,30,31] To solve this problem and for a healthy environment, it is very important to understand and study the toxic substances (dyes) and their relations with biological species [32,33,34,35].
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