Nanotoxicity in endodontics - the lurking hazards of nanomedicine

Abstract

Molecular engineering has bought revolution into endodontics. Nanoparticles are particles of 1-100nm in dimension. Their small size, increased surface to volume ratio, specific surface properties and charge produces properties desirable for endodontic usage. It has been incorporated into sealers, obturating materials, restorative materials, disinfectants etc to name a few. However, there is other side to it. These micrometre-sized particles can easily cross biological barriers, and enter into various organ systems in the body causing damage at cellular level. These ultrafine particles can be “Nanotoxic”.Nanotoxicology is the study of the nature and mechanism of toxic effects of nanoscale materials/particles on living organisms and other biological systems. It deals with the quantitative assessment of the severity and frequency of Nanotoxic effects in relation to the exposure of the organisms.As the next generation of endodontics moves towards nanotechnology, it is crucial to develop proper understanding of the processes happening when a nanoparticle comes in contact with a living system. Biocompatibility is achieved when a material interacts with the body without inducing any toxic, immunogenic, thrombogenic or carcinogenic response. Little is known about the toxicological impact of these nanoparticles.This paper discusses the mechanism of nanotoxicity, factors affecting it, possible routes of nanotoxicity in endodontics, and its methods of assessment.