Abstract
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain after oral or parenteral administration, which, in combination with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination and inactivation during its journey in the systemic circulation, decreases the efficacy of the treatment, requires high drug doses and often induces adverse side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery allows the direct transport of therapeutic molecules by bypassing the BBB and increases drug concentration in the brain. The present review describes mechanisms of nose-to-brain drug delivery and discusses recent advances in this area with especial emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches.
Highlights
The brain is one of the most complex, vital organs that accepts signals from sensory organs and regulates most body functions
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 2049 reasons for this limited therapeutic effect is the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which blocks more than 98% of neurotherapeutic molecules into the central nervous system (CNS) [8]
This study showed that the nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) could be potentially used for N2B delivery to treat CNS disorders [115]
Summary
The brain is one of the most complex, vital organs that accepts signals from sensory organs and regulates most body functions. These barriers help maintain the homeostasis of the brain and prevent physical damage, infections, endotoxins, and any harmful effects [2,3] The integrity of these protective mechanisms may be altered for various reasons such as trauma, mutation, aging and may lead to neurological disorders. Researchers have invented several different therapeutic agents to treat these devastating neurological disorders Still, these agents are mainly used for slowing down the progression of disease and cannot completely reverse the condition [7]. Deep brain stimulation involves the implantation of electrodes in the brain to treat Parkinson’s disease and has shown significant progress This method is an invasive and costly technique [18]. The application of various nanotherapeutic approaches for N2B delivery is assessed amongst neurological and other CNS disorders
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