Nanotheranostic: The futuristic therapy for copper mediated neurological sequelae

Abstract

Copper (Cu) is contemplated as an indispensable metal with an exquisite role in nerve conduction, mitochondrial ATP synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis and antioxidant activity. Cu imbalance is mainly prompted due to mutation in ATP7A and ATP7B ATPase transporting channels. The correlation of Cu disturbances and its impact on neurological sequelae was evaluated under various experiments. This correlation highlighted the role of Cu imbalance in the development of various neurological challenges namely, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Autism, Creutzfeldt-Jacob's disease and distal motor neuropathy. Although various Cu chelating agents along with theranostics are assessed in various clinical studies owing to its radionuclide capability. This review begins with the comprehension of Cu cerebral transportation, impact of Cu on progression of neurodegenerative disorder, followed by therapeutic approaches encompassing Cu as a nanotheranostic tool and nano chelators directed towards Cu chelation. Further nanotechnological platforms employed for nano-chelation were discussed. Moreover, we have discussed clinical status of copper as theranostic and chelating agents for copper as this will provide better idea of safety, tolerability and efficacy of these regimens. Overall chemo-sensitive therapies triggered with chemo-dynamic therapy, photothermal and other non-invasive imaging techniques can improve the theranostic efficacy. However, multifaceted nanocarriers can improve the chelation ability of nanocarriers. Harnessing these sophisticated methodologies can upgrade the copper chelation and theranostic safety and efficacy in clinical horizon.