Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 claimed numerous lives and put nations on high alert. The lack of antiviral medications and the small number of approved vaccines, as well as the recurrence of adverse effects, necessitates the development of novel treatment ways to combat COVID-19. In this context, using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, we gathered information about nanotechnology’s involvement in the prevention, diagnosis and virus-like particle vaccine development. This review revealed that various nanomaterials like gold, polymeric, graphene and poly amino ester with carboxyl group coated magnetic nanoparticles have been explored for the fast detection of SARS-CoV-2. Personal protective equipment fabricated with nanoparticles, such as gloves, masks, clothes, surfactants, and Ag, TiO2 based disinfectants played an essential role in halting COVID-19 transmission. Nanoparticles are used not only in vaccine delivery, such as lipid nanoparticles mediated transport of mRNA-based Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, but also in the development of vaccine as the virus-like particles elicit an immune response. There are now 18 virus-like particle vaccines in pre-clinical development, with one of them, developed by Novavax, reported being in phase 3 trials. Due to the probability of upcoming COVID-19 waves, and the rise of new diseases, the future relevance of virus-like particles is imperative. Furthermore, psychosocial variables linked to vaccine reluctance constitute a critical problem that must be addressed immediately to avert pandemic.
Highlights
Virus epidemics have been increasing at an alarming rate in recent decades
Various keywords such as COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, role of nanomaterials in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, vaccines against COVID-19, nanomaterials for biomedical application, virus-like particle, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, and unwillingness to receive vaccines were used in this review
The severity of COVID-19 has underlined the importance of innovative technical approaches for restricting and halting the disease
Summary
Virus epidemics have been increasing at an alarming rate in recent decades. In December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or COVID-19, was reported in Wuhan, China, which caused a substantial amount of illness and mortality worldwide. Some researchers are investigating the transmission similarities among SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV to create treatments that target highly conserved essential proteins associated with viral replication and proliferation [11,12]. In this context, nanotechnology has a broad range of capabilities and opens up new opportunities to design novel preventive, diagnostic, and treatment approaches against COVID-19 and other viral infections. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1129 viral proteins that are non-infectious due to the absence of genetic material [37] These structures mimic the size and shape of actual viruses and can effectively activate immune responses. In the context of COVID-19, existing vaccine approaches, vaccine statuses, futuristic insights into VLP vaccines, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy are highlighted
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