Abstract
Neuromodulation is of great importance both as a fundamental neuroscience research tool for analyzing and understanding the brain function, and as a therapeutic avenue for treating brain disorders. Here, an overview of conceptual and technical progress in developing neuromodulation strategies is provided, and it is suggested that recent advances in nanotechnology are enabling novel neuromodulation modalities with less invasiveness, improved biointerfaces, deeper penetration, and higher spatiotemporal precision. The use of nanotechnology and the employment of versatile nanomaterials and nanoscale devices with tailored physical properties have led to considerable research progress. To conclude, an outlook discussing current challenges and future directions for next-generation neuromodulation modalities is presented.
Highlights
Neuromodulation is of great importance both as a fundamental neuroscistimuli to targeted neural tissue.[1]
Introduction deep brain regions with high spatiotemporal resolution is the ultimate goal for neuromodulation,[2] it has yet to be Neuromodulation is the process of changing neural activity by achieved with current neuromodulation technologies
We provide an outlook on future endeavors in advancing neuromodulation strategies for fundamental research and clinical translation
Summary
Modern neuromodulation tools have a history spanning six decades,[1] ranging from classical approaches including deep brain stimulation (DBS), to recent approaches including optogenetics and chemogenetics.[9]. Active research efforts have been revolutionizing neuromodulation modalities through emerging nanotechnology (Figure 1b).[21] On the one hand, the versatile nanoscience toolkit pushed neuromodulation approaches that have long been associated with bulky devices toward miniaturized devices with soft mechanics, densely packed components and sustained performance. These nanoscale tools with improved spatial resolution and localized targeting capability allow for seamless integration with the neural tissue.[22] On the other hand, nanomaterials with favorable physical and chemical properties distinct from their bulk counterpart hold promise for overcoming some of the limitations of classic neuromodulation strategies at the macroscale. Www.advmat.de nanoscale devices allow the efficient energy transduction from one modality that excels in deep brain penetration, to another modality that excels in localized neuromodulation with a high spatiotemporal resolution, thereby enabling new grafted forms of neuromodulation modalities
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