Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder mainly affecting the central nervous system (CNS), presented with auditory and visual hallucinations, delusion and withdrawal from society. Abnormal dopamine levels mainly characterise the disease; various theories of neurotransmitters explain the pathophysiology of the disease. The current therapeutic approach deals with the systemic administration of drugs other than the enteral route, altering the neurotransmitter levels within the brain and providing symptomatic relief. Fluid biomarkers help in the early detection of the disease, which would improve the therapeutic efficacy. However, the major challenge faced in CNS drug delivery is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanotherapeutic approaches may overcome these limitations, which will improve safety, efficacy, and targeted drug delivery. This review article addresses the main challenges faced in CNS drug delivery and the significance of current therapeutic strategies and nanotherapeutic approaches for a better understanding and enhanced drug delivery to the brain, which improve the quality of life of schizophrenia patients.
Highlights
Introduction cSchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterised by auditory and visual hallucinations, bizarre thoughts, social withdrawal and incoherent thoughts
This review addresses the current prevalent hypothesis on schizophrenia, the concept of fluid biomarkers as a diagnostic agent a and various drugs and drug delivery approaches in managing schizophrenia
AIn order to gain more knowledge on drug transport across blood-brain barrier (BBB), specific models have been developed like brain uptake index, which established transport of most of the substances across BBB, Co-culture technique, Transwell monoculture and In-silico models.[99]
Summary
CSchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterised by auditory and visual hallucinations, bizarre thoughts, social withdrawal and incoherent thoughts. M (fMRI) relates the affected individuals' fluctuations in brain oxygen demand.[52] One of the limitations hidden in this technique is that the abnormal motif coupled to cognition and cortical volume could be susceptible to neuroleptic drug effects.[53] Genetic biomarkers d Mental disorders are genetically ambiguous, even clinically, diverse, variable, and interrelated.[54] In many medical and psychological disorders, genetic and gene expression research is becoming more te unified for both humans and rodents.[55] There is still reliable evidence of biological and epigenetic effects on schizophrenia genetic disposition.[56] The use of blood cells to perform microarray studies has become increasingly popular due to the numerous advantages it provides, including the possibility to collect larger sample sizes with a minimally invasive procedure.[57] Genomic technology innovations p have led to a better understanding of psychiatric disorders, providing information about numerous genes that affect brain development.[58] The biggest drawback of genetic therapies in schizophrenia is the e quantification of operational gene regulation. Antipsychotic behaviour-related peripheral gene expression studies, like therapeutic response studies, are few; they are promising while cpointing to the need for more research.[60]
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