Abstract
The methodology of studying nonequilibrium and equilibrium supramolecular systems via SAXS and WAXS methods is examined in detail. The problem of phase factors in an expression for structural factors is solved through minimization of the fourth moment of electron-density distribution maps in a unit cell and through construction of nodal periodic surfaces and calculation of scattering from model structures. The possibility of direct application of the WAXS method to the data obtained with the use of small-angle X-ray scattering is discussed. Artifacts primarily related to the incorrect determination of lattice symmetry are studied for real examples. The results of the calculation of the electron-density profile in the unit cell are analyzed in more detail. The essence of the first-order phase transition of the ordered lamellar phase to the disordered lamellar phase in polyelectrolyte complexes with oppositely charged surfactants is clarified. This transition is quite analogous to a similar thermotropic transition in the hexagonal phase.
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