Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials have enabled the development of functional biomaterials with surface properties that reduce the rate of the device rejection in injectable and implantable biomaterials. In addition, the surface of biomaterials can be functionalized with macromolecules for stimuli-responsive purposes to improve the efficacy and effectiveness in drug release applications. Furthermore, macromolecule-grafted surfaces exhibit a hierarchical nanostructure that mimics nanotextured surfaces for the promotion of cellular responses in tissue engineering. Owing to these unique properties, this review focuses on the grafting of macromolecules on the surfaces of various biomaterials (e.g., films, fibers, hydrogels, and etc.) to create nanostructure-enabled and macromolecule-grafted surfaces for biomedical applications, such as thrombosis prevention and wound healing. The macromolecule-modified surfaces can be treated as a functional device that either passively inhibits adverse effects from injectable and implantable devices or actively delivers biological agents that are locally based on proper stimulation. In this review, several methods are discussed to enable the surface of biomaterials to be used for further grafting of macromolecules. In addition, we review surface-modified films (coatings) and fibers with respect to several biomedical applications. Our review provides a scientific update on the current achievements and future trends of nanostructure-enabled and macromolecule-grafted surfaces in biomedical applications.
Highlights
The development of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers has enabled the use of injectable and implantable biomaterials for various diseases
Studies showed that coatings that are made from hyperbranched fluoropolymers cross-linked with bis-amino-propyl polyethylene glycol (PEG) and bis-amino-propyl polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) exhibited excellent antifouling properties [79]
The cross-linked hyperbranched fluoropolymer PEG coatings showed to be resistant to Bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption, a lectin, and lipopolysaccharides from E. coli and Salmonella minnesota when comparing to the control surfaces
Summary
The development of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers has enabled the use of injectable and implantable biomaterials for various diseases. The conventional polymer surfaces exhibited poor biocompatibility, resulting in critical obstacles, such as undesirable protein adsorption and cell adhesion, for biomedical applications Based on these observations, the focus of the injectable and implantable biomaterials has translated into the understanding and the design of desirable surfaces properties for the materials. Since most of the injectable and implantable biomaterials are based on polymers, the effects of surface hydrophobicity, polarity, roughness, and texture will play important roles in cellular responses. To solve these problems, numerous basic and applied works have been explored on the surface modifications of polymeric materials for biomedical applications [1,2,3]. By using polympreevresntwionitahndmdoredssifiniegdforsuwrofuancdehse,awlinhg.icBhy uwsinegreposleyrmveirns gwiathsmaocdtiifvieedsuitrefascefso,rwbhiicohmwerdeical functions, the device cansearcvhinigeavseactthiveeisrittehs feorrabpioemuetdiiccapl feurnfcotiromns,atnhecdeefvoicre ctahneadchiiseeveatsheeisrttaheterasp.eutic performance for the disease states
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