Abstract
Metal and alloys electrodeposition from aqueous electrolytes is restricted due to the narrow electrochemical window and hydrogen evolution. To overcome these disadvantages, over the past years, ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on choline chloride have been successfully applied for the electrodeposition of different metals.Tin (Sn) layers applied to automotive or decorative plating are thought of as ecological alternatives to exchange lead and nickel/chromium coatings. Over the past few years, the attention drawn by metallic alloys and composites, namely Sn alloys (nickel, indium, copper, zinc…) and Sn-carbon materials composites, has increased due to the possibility of applying these materials as anodes for lithium-ion batteries.This review will highlight the leading research regarding the electrodeposition of Sn and several alloys and carbon composites, emphasizing the morphological changes of the alloy combinations using DESs as electrolytes.
Highlights
The electrodeposition of metals and metallic alloys has been used for extensive range of applications, such as electroplating (Zhang and Hoshino 2014), electrowinning (Schlesinger et al 2011b) and electrorefining (Schlesinger et al 2011a)
This review has revealed that Sn alloy coatings deposited from deep eutectic solvents (DES) are becoming of great interest for different applications, namely as anodes for lithium-ion batteries
The difference regarding the chemical properties between these two liquids means that DESs can be used in different applications, compared to ionic liquids (ILs)
Summary
The electrodeposition of metals and metallic alloys has been used for extensive range of applications, such as electroplating (Zhang and Hoshino 2014), electrowinning (Schlesinger et al 2011b) and electrorefining (Schlesinger et al 2011a). The electrodeposition method applied by the industrial sector is mainly based on aqueous systems as a result of the high solubility of electrolytes and metal salts present in water, which can lead to solutions with high conductivity (Smith, Abbott, and Ryder 2014). Water presents a narrow potential window, making it not ideal for the deposition of metals with low current efficiencies. To overcome this problem, ionic liquids (ILs) are drawing much attention as an alternative for aqueous solutions in many electrochemical processes. Ionic liquids (ILs) are drawing much attention as an alternative for aqueous solutions in many electrochemical processes This is mainly due to the wide potential window, high ionic conductivity and thermal stability, alongside low vapor pressure (Endres, Abbott, and MacFarlane 2008)
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