Abstract
Commercial micrometer silicon (Si) powder was investigated as a potential anode material for lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries. The characterization of this powder showed the mean particle size of approx.75.2 nm, BET surface area of 10.6 m2/g and average pore size of 0.56 nm. Its band gap was estimated to 1.35 eV as determined using UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra. In order to increase the surface area and porosity which is important for Li-ion batteries, the starting Si powder was ball-milled and threatened by metal-assisted chemical etching. The mechanochemical treatment resulted in decrease of the particle size from 75 nm to 29 nm, an increase of the BET surface area and average pore size to 16.7 m2/g and 1.26 nm, respectively, and broadening of the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) lines. The XRD patterns of silver metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) sample showed strong and narrow diffraction lines typical for powder silicon and low-intensity diffraction lines typical for silver. The metal-assisted chemical etching of starting Si material resulted in a decrease of surface area to 7.3 m2/g and an increase of the average pore size to 3.44 nm. These three materials were used as the anode material in lithium-ion cells, and their electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the sample prepared by MACE is attributed to increase in pore size, which are large enough for easy lithiation. These are the positive aspects of the application of MACE in the development of an anode material for Li-ion batteries.
Highlights
The success of lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries in the early 1960s took years of research and contribution of many scientists and engineers
When the battery is released charged, from lithium released from the positivewill electrode will move charged, lithium ions theions positive electrode move toward the negative toward the negative electrode
Results and Discussions performances were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge
Summary
The success of lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries in the early 1960s took years of research and contribution of many scientists and engineers. Since have been several electronic revolutions, and Li-ion cells are still the most widely used as a rechargeable battery system for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. They have many advantages, including high energy density, long storage life, small volume, lightweight, low self-discharge efficiency, and non-memory effect. By replacing lithiumenergy-efficient cobalt oxide cathode and carbon anodes cells for lowor zero-hybrid electric vehicles, cargo ships, locomotives, with higherand performance materials, can be improved [10]. The improve battery because nanostructures short diffusion length capacitance for Li+ ions and electrons enhancement incycling the morphology of anode provide materials leads to better properties. The most widely used anode is graphite, whose lithiated compounds have capacity of 4200
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