Nanostructured cupric oxide electrode: An alternative to amperometric detection of carbohydrates in anion-exchange chromatography

Abstract

In this paper, a new and low cost copper/cupric oxide nanostructured electrode is presented as an alternative to the amperometric detection of carbohydrates in high-performance anion exchange chromatography. The modified copper electrodes were prepared by a simple and fast method which resulted in the obtainment of homogeneously distributed nanostructures adhered to the surface with controlled chemical nature. The results, when compared to conventional copper electrodes, exhibited considerable improvements in analytical results, including: 1) Better repeatability in consecutive glucose detections, in which the percent relative standard deviation improved from 15.1% to 0.279%. 2) Significant improvements in the stability of the baseline and a decrease of the stabilization time, going from several hours to approximately 15 min. 3) Considerable increase in the sensitivity towards glucose, from 5.02 nA min mg L−1 to 25.5 nA min mg L−1. 4) Improvements in the detectability with limits as low as 1.09 pmol. 5) Wide working range of concentrations (1 × 10−2 to 1 × 104 mg L−1). 6) Good linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.998. 7) Possibility of detecting different molecules of carbohydrates (lactose, maltose, sucrose cellobiose, sorbitol, fructose, glucose, galactose, manose, arabitol, xylose, ribose and arabnose). In comparison to the electrode that is more employed for this type of application (gold electrode), the low cost, the possibility of detection at constant potential and the equivalent detection limits presented by the new electrode material introduced in this work emerge as characteristics that make this material a powerful alternative considering the detection of carbohydrates in anion exchange chromatography.