Abstract
Abundant connectivity among organic ligands and inorganic metal ions makes the physical and chemical characters of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) could be precisely devised and modulated for specific applications. Especially nanoscale MOFs (NMOFs), a unique family of hybrid nanomaterials, with merits of holding the nature as the mainstay MOFs and demonstrating particle size in nanoscale range which enable them prospect platform in clinic. Adjustability of composition and structure allows NMOFs with different constituents, shapes, and characteristics. Oriented frameworks and highly porous provide enough space for packing therapeutic cargoes and various imaging agents efficiently. Moreover, the relatively labile metal-ligand bonds make NMOFs biodegradable in nature. So far, as a significant class of biomedically relevant nanomaterials, NMOFs have been explored as drug carriers, therapeutic preparation, and biosensing and imaging preparation owing to their high porosity, multifunctionality, and biocompatibility. This review provides up-to-date developments of NMOFs in biomedical applications with emphasis on size control, synthetic approaches, and surfaces functionalization as well as stability, degradation, and toxicity. The outlooks and several crucial issues of this area are also discussed, with the expectation that it may help arouse widespread attention on exploring NMOFs in potential clinical applications.
Highlights
During the past 2 decades, the merging of nanotechnology and medicine has confirmed the biomedical behaviour of a series of nanomaterials and improved some of them effectively in clinic (Banerjee et al, 2020)
A large number of nanomaterials have been obtained with expansive dimension scope from several nanometers to hundreds of nanometers, and the great majority of these nanomaterials have exhibited bright prospects in clinic, for example drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, thermal therapy, chemotherapy, and biomedical sensing and imaging (Coughlan et al, 2017; Yang B et al, 2019; Mir et al, 2020; Wen et al, 2021)
In the last few years, substantial improvement has been achieved in applying nanoscale MOFs (NMOFs) for drug delivery, cancer therapy and biomedical sensing and imaging
Summary
During the past 2 decades, the merging of nanotechnology and medicine has confirmed the biomedical behaviour of a series of nanomaterials and improved some of them effectively in clinic (Banerjee et al, 2020). Researchers have used two general approaches to construct NMOFs-based nanomedicine, as shown in Figure 2: one is incorporating active groups into the skeleton or loading active agents into the channels and pores of the NMOFs; the other one is surface modification of assynthesized NMOF by silica coatings or organic polymers to improve their stabilities, slightly regulated their physicochemical characteristics, and afford extra functionality and biocompatibility. Authors represented an universal way to acquire different silica shells thickness on the surface of Ln (BDC)1.5(H2O) (Ln Gd3+, Eu3+, or Tb3+, BDC21,4-benzenedicarboxylate); Tb2 (DSCP)3(H2O) (DSCP c,c,t(diamminedichlorodisuccinato), Mn3(BTC)2(H2O) (BTC31,3,5-trimesic acid), and Cr3F(H2O)2O(BDC)3·nH2O (where n is ∼25) They loaded dipicolinic acid (DPA), Pt-based drugs, acyclicarginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptide, and optical imaging contrast agent (BODIPY) into nanoscale materials stabilized with silica shell for biological application. ZIF-8 cisplatin siRNAs 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) 5-amino-3(pyrrolo [2,3-c]pyridin-1-yl)isoquinoline (defluorinated MK6240, DMK6240) methylene blue (MB) DOX 3-MA glucose oxidase (GOx), insulin
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