Abstract
The main challenges in drug delivery systems are to protect, transport and release biologically active compounds at the right time in a safe and reproducible manner, usually at a specific target site. In the past, drug nano-carriers have contributed to the development of precision medicine and to a lesser extent have focused on its inroads in agriculture. The concept of engineered nano-carriers may be a promising route to address confounding challenges in agriculture that could perhaps lead to an increase in crop production while reducing the environmental impact associated with crop protection and food production. The main objective of this review is to contrast the advantages and disadvantages of different types of nanoparticles and nano-carriers currently used in the biomedical field along with their fabrication methods to discuss the potential use of these technologies at a larger scale in agriculture. Here we explain what is the problem that nano-delivery systems intent to solve as a technological platform and describe the benefits this technology has brought to medicine. Also here we highlight the potential drawbacks that this technology may face during its translation to agricultural applications, based on the lessons learned so far from its use for biomedical purposes. We discuss not only the characteristics of an ideal nano-delivery system, but also the potential constraints regarding the fabrication including technical, environmental, and legal aspects. A key motivation is to evaluate the potential use of these systems in agriculture, especially in the area of plant breeding, growth promotion, disease control, and post-harvest quality control. Further, we highlight the importance of a rational design of nano-carriers and identify current research gaps to enable scale-up relevant to applications in the treatment of plant diseases, controlled release of fertilizers, and plant breeding.
Highlights
The potency and efficacy of an exogenously administrated bioactive molecule heavily depend on the extent of its prolonged availability in the intended final site of action
The authors showed that chitosan-complexed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) uptake mechanism was described by the lipid exchange envelope penetration (LEEP) model, whereby the ability of nanoparticles to penetrate the cell membrane and the chloroplast envelope is governed primarily by the nanoparticle size and surface charge (Kwak et al, 2019)
The toxicity threshold of materials used in the delivery system is speciesdependent and responses to these are driven by a series of factors including the nanomaterial itself but the environmental and physiological conditions on which they are applied
Summary
The potency and efficacy of an exogenously administrated bioactive molecule heavily depend on the extent of its prolonged availability in the intended final site of action. Other areas within agriculture that could benefit from nano-encapsulation approaches include plant breeding (Kim et al, 2015), plant nutrition (Rai et al, 2015), growth promotion (Siddiqui and Al-Whaibi, 2015), disease control (Nuruzzaman et al, 2016), and post-harvest quality control (Yadollahi et al, 2010) to name a few Agricultural materials such as cellulose (Bhandari et al, 2017, 2018) and chitosan (Cai and Lapitsky, 2019) have been used as base materials to develop drug delivery systems. The selection of matrix materials depends on many factors such as the size of nanoparticles required; the physical properties of the drug (e.g., aqueous solubility and stability); the surface characteristics such as charge and permeability; the degree of biodegradability, biocompatibility and toxicity; drug release characteristics of the final product; and challenges involved in regulatory approvals.
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